LIMSwiki
目次
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/438px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/220px-Herb_Polski.svg.png)
Poran (波蘭)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/220px-EU-Poland.svg.png)
Poran konghokwo(kari Poran: Rzeczpospolita Polska), asi daha kesi Poran klaali, konghokwo gq meniq ckceka Owco. Daya na we Poroti-hay, mtuayus Tokwo ka quri ggqiyan na hido, tghunac na ggqiyan hido we Ceko, hunac na we ptuayus Surofako, quri tghunac hhrreyan na hido we Ukoran, quri hhreyan na hido we pay-Orosu, tgdaya na hhreyan hido we Ritawwan ma Cyarininkoro-co nOrosu. 312,679km² ka knuglahang dheran na, tg10 laalang Owco ka knpruwan na; hei seediq na we maha 3,864 wan kana, tg9 laalang Owco ka knhbaro hei na seediq.
Ri-su (歷史)
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Ani naq so kenu we, cyo-suci su-tay cong-ci(spegun peeyah saya de ye wada 50 wan-nen) de tena niqan seediq ga meniq dheran Poran nii di. ani si pusu ba rudan daha we, siyen-cen 700 nen cbeyo ge seediq Sisurahu ka mneniq hini, tgberah ba hwang-su na Poran nii we, maha qtaan 10 suci ka pnhyegan daha kesun Piyasuto wang-caw. Knkawas 966, snhei Citu cong-cyaw(Tencu-cyaw) ka Mesuko-yisu, kika wada mgCitucyaw ka Poran, kiya deri we ani dehuk saya Poran daka Ay’ar-ran nii ka alang qnlhangan eguw bale snpegan Tencu-cyaw-tu. Ado ka ga meniq ckceka Si-ow ma Tong-ow ka Poran, mumal naq to breenux ka dheran alang daha, leexan meyah kmremux ma naqah qlhangan, kika knteetu mccebu ka quri hini qtaan ri-su daha, so kiya de, ani dehuk saya knteetu naq knpriyux ka ayus dheran alang daha duri.
Knkawas 1945, mhedu pncbuwan ar-cu tacan, pheyu alang daha dungan ka Poran, knkawas 1952 de pheyu sohwe-cuyi Poran Jen-ming Kong-hokwo, ciida we ani naq wada niqan dheran Cong-ow ka dheya, ani si quri ceng-cu we ga meniq qlhqngan Suren ka Hwasa-ye kongcan-cuyi ka dheya, kika qtaun daha Cong-ow kwocya ka Poran nii.
Knxelan 1980 de mtutuy ka ooda mingcu-hwa, prading tmutuy pnpryuxan na Tong-ow, plaale ba wada mopux Kongcan cung-cen ka Poran, dehuk knkawas 1990 de pheyu ti-san Kongho-kwo betaq saya; knkawas 1999 de mosa tuumal Peye ka pnhyegan Si-ow kwocya ka Poran, knkawas 2003 de tuumal bale kesun Owmong hwacan yihwe-mingcu, kika wada paalix ngayan kesun Tong-ow di ma, meyah mangal bale ba kesun Cong-ow kwocya dungan.
Cung-cen na cbeyo (早期政權)
Kndalax naq cyo-suci-sutay de tena naq niqan ga meniq Poran di. Roma-tikwo suci we, alang deriq hhreeyan hido na tikwo ka Poran.
Kndalax naq cyo-suci-sutay de tena naq niqan ga meniq Poran di. Roma-tikwo suci we, alang deriq hhreeyan hido na tikwo ka Poran.
Knkawas 1000, (seediq niqan pahung) Poraysuwahu-yisu ka ptloongan Poran kwo-wang. Bobo na de pheyu tgberah ba kingal yi-hwe bobo dheran nii.
Knkawas 1138, msgaliq ka wang-caw, ciida we lnawa supi Tawtun meyah qmlahang daya dheran alang daha. 14 suci, snbarah tong-yi Poran ka Kasimiar-sansu, moda knpryux qqlahang na, pheyu Yakayrong tase so tunux alang daha Korakohu, smbeyax seediq Toticu ma seediq Yotay meyah theruy Ppran hii.
Poran Ritawwan ren-pang(tgkingal kongho-lwo) 波蘭立陶宛聯邦(第一共和國)
16 suci ciida ka knmalu bale na ka Poran nii, ciida we msuupu smmalu Poran Ritawwan renpang ka dheya nii, kika alang paru ba Owco hii ka ciida dheya nii.
Knkawas 1683, kowang na Poran we madis supi mosa dmayo Awtiri ma, wada na ini baka ka supi Tuarci mneyah kmremux Awtiri, wada dehuk qmdakar knkiya naq Owco, pncbuwan Weyena mesa ka pntasan risu. Cuncen na Poran we mddeka renpang ma mddeka kwe-cu kongho, Tiyi-kongho kesun daha, wada thrigan Hwasa ka tunux alang daha duri di.
Bobo ka kbekuy knkawas hari we, ado mbeyax ka kwecu ma, mrrudu ka truma daha, kika wada hii liihan hii ka beyax daha, kiya ka wada mnteru yahan cmepiq na Orosu, Purusu wangkwo ma Awtiri ka knkawas 1772, knkawas 1793 ma knkawas 17995. Knkawas 1795 de wada uka ka Poran di.
Tiar kongho-kwo (第二共和國)
19 suci, bobo ka wada ini baka mccebu ka Naporun-yisu de, to hari na Orosu-tikwo sahwang ka dheran nPoran di, bobo pnstotuy suye-komin ka Orosu, knkawas 1918 idas 11 de tu-ri ka Poran, pheyu Kongho-kwo ka Poran di, Poran tiar Kongho-kwo kesun daha.
Peeyah knkawas 1918 betaq knkawas 1938 ka mppcebu ar-can, nongye-kwo ro-ho ka Poran ciida, hmrinas 60% ka nong-canping daha, kong-ye sungcan congcu na we, 32% ba DGP daha, twhuwe riyung mtrepiq k acing-ci fa-can na.
Knkawas 1938, kongye congcan-cu na we, 98% ba knkawas 1913 na, netun spun smepu kan hei seediq na de, maha rima pnsnaka kingal ba na Ingkwo, Fakwo, Toko ma Itari; meniq ka nongye daha we ini rawiq ani tikuh, ngalan tgkdkarun daha pnhmaan ppuqun qmita de, nngalan daha knkawas 1938 we, hmrinas tikuh nngalan daha knkawas 1903 betaq knkawas 1913; naqah bale ka cyaw-tongye daha duri, 100 wan seediq daha daha ckceka we, maha 5.25km ba ka eluw knkingal hei seediq daha.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Poland-satellite.jpeg/220px-Poland-satellite.jpeg)
Berah na tiar-cu su-ce ta-can ma ciida (第二次世界大戰前及期間)
Ini pccebu ka knkawas 1938 han we, Poran nii we, wada ngalan Tokwo ka Ceko-Surofaro ciida, mnangal se-sun hank a Poran, ani si dehuk ba knkawas 1939 ka Ti-ar kongho-kwo, ini dehuk 20 knkawas ka pntbale daha, ma, wada hii krmuxan dungan.
Knkawas 1939 idas 9 ali 1, ririh so prading ka tiar-cu su-ce ta-can pstotuy pncbuwan ka Poran, kndalax dheran ggqiyan hido Poran kmremux ka Naswe-Toko, Idas ciida ma ali 17 we, kndalax dheran ggqiyan hido Poran kmremux ka Suren duri, idas ciida ma ali 25 we, suupu ye-pin supi daha ka Tokwo ma Suren, mquri nganguc alang daha qduriq ka supi Poran, supi mntngari hii di we, wada to-syang quri supi Tokwo 10 ali 6 ka dheya di, pskraya mangal dheran Poran ka daha alang qnlhangan nii. Knkawas ciida, qnduriq mccebu ka supi Poran we, pheyu ryo-wang cunghu Runtun hiya, mtngari alang naq Poran hii ka seediq kmciyuk we, smmalu naq Poran tisya-kwo, ini alix kmciyuk cosin-kwo ma knrmuxan na Suren.
Knkawas 1941, mccebu ka Suren daka Tokwo, wada ngalun Naswe-Tokwo kana dheran nPoran di ma, wada asi spui Tokwo ka duma dheran nPoran, mnsngali na de smmalu Poran congtu-hu, moda qnlhangan so ba smiicu, sqrngutun na ka seediq Isore ka ga meniq Poran. Knkawas rbagan 1944, mremux Poran ka supi Suren. Iads 7 ali 22, smalu Poran jenming cefang-weyen(PKWN) so Rupuring hiya. Hiti ba knkawas, pryuxun na ringsu cunghu, asi snegul ka Suren. Sqita Yaarta seyi, knkawas 1945 idas 6 ali 28, Poran nii di we, saangal na Rupuring cunghu ka pheyu sin-cunghu. Ani si, plkehun cihwang mongkwo ka Poran ryowang cunghu ma, tisya cunghu we ga riqan ka dheya, Poran ryowang cunghu we ga naq ryowang dungan ma, Poran tisya cunghu we hmediq sin-cunghu ma wada malix di.
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plkehun cihwang mongkwo ka Poran ryowang cunghu ma, tisya cunghu we ga riqan ka dheya, Poran ryowang cunghu we ga naq ryowang dungan ma, Poran tisya cunghu we hmediq sin-cunghu ma wada malix di.
Jun-ming kongho-kwo (人民共和國 )
Knkawas 1948, pheyu tongyi-kongjen ka Poran, knkawas 1952, pryuxun daha kesun Poran jen-ming kong-hokwo ka ngayan alang daha, kika mgsohwe-cuyi kwocya di. Lung-can ciida we, ga smnegul Suren ka ne-way cungco daha. Moda yi-tang cwan-cung ma, phqilung na ka seediq kmciyuk dhaya, quri nganguc de so hari qyqeya nSuren ka Poran, ini trapiq ka cingci daha, uka ming-cu ka alang daha. Seediq Poran we ddulan twace-konghwe, ini alix kmciyuk tu-cay tong-cu nkong-cantang, Poran nii ka stmnganun daha mpquri cuyo ka Tong-ow.
Knkawas 1956, pstotuy Pocunan su-cen, knkawas 1970 ma knkawas 1980 we, mndaha pstotuy paru ba pa-kong sucen ka Poran.
Tisan kongho-kwo (第三共和國)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/220px-Poland_topo.jpg)
Knxelan 1980, ani ga so mpprudu ka Poran we, pheyu tgkingal tu-ri kong-hwe ka Poran, kika twance-konghwe. Kika kndudul spriyux na kong-hwe ka Poran tongyi-kong-jentang di, mangal beyax paru ba quri dhwantwe-pay ka cungcu-suri.
Knkawas 1989 idas 6 ali 4, ciida Poran we pdaun na ming-cu sen-ci duma ka yi-hwe na, maha 40 knkawas ka tgtexal ba moda so nii ka Poran, mhedu sen-ci so nii de, Twan-ce kong-hwe ka wada mangal 99% yi-si na. Idas 8 ali 24, ku-wun na Twan-ce kong-hwe ka Macoweyecuci ka phyegan daha cong-ri, tgkingal uxe rawkong-tang ngalan congri ka heya 40 knkawas nii.
Knkawas 1989 idas 12 ali 29, pooda sen-hwa syocung-an ka Poran yihwe, wada hii ngalan ka knesa na Poran tong-yi kongjen-tang ka mpdudul alang apaorsn nii, dheya ka wada plaale ba mlatac alang ga meniq Hwasa-tawye hiya, ciida duri we wada mlatac Suren ma turi nanaq ka dheya, mgeela ba dmudul pqhedu kesun kongcan-tang cwan-cung duri.
Knkawas 1990 idas 1 ali 16, cung-hu Poran we wada pooda sen-hwa caw’an, ptpusu totang-cu. Dehuk hini de, qmnlahang 45 knkawas ka Poran tong-yi kongjen-tang we, wada uka ka beyax na dmudul yihwe di ma, wada pryuxun Poran kongho-kwo ka ngayan daha kesun Poran jen-ming kongho-kwo di, ti-san kongho-kwo kesun daha.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami_zh.png/220px-POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami_zh.png)
Knkawas 1999, mosa tuumal Petasiyang-kongyecucu ka Poran, knkawas 2003 idas 6 de pooda kongming kongce ka Poran, paha lnglungan maha suupu Owco renmong.
Knkawas 2004 idas 5 ali 1, bale ba mosa remux Owmong, knkawas 2007 idas 12 ali 21 de, wada mgSungkun-kongye hweyen-kwo ka dheya di.
Cung-cu (政治)
Swang-socangcu ka Poran, congtong ka dmoi beyax kwo-hwang ma way-cyaw, congri ma neko pnsgao congtong we, dheya ka dmoi singcung-cen. Congri we pnsgao peeyah ryangye-cu ka cong-yiyen na, heya ka paha ngayan neko-mingtan ma, sbege na congtong ka mpheyu. Tunux alang qnlhangan ka congtong, pndaan senci, 5 knkawas ka tloongan na, texal ba lmutuc mosa cenci, niqan beyax paalix kwohwe ka congtong.
Cwekaw fayen we niqan ba ririh ddayo na ceco cunghu. Cwekaw sufa ciko nPoran we kika cwekaw fayen(Sąd Najwyższy) nPoran. Fakwan na cwekaw fqyen we, pnsgao turi ka kwocya sufa-hweyi. Mnoda pncruwa kwohwe ma congtong de mosa mgfakwan na cwekaw fayen denu, betaq 65 ka knkawas na de malix di. Meniq ka fakwan senfa fayen(Trybunał Konstytucyjny) we, pnsgao yihwe ka kiya, 9 knkawas ka tloongan daha.
Cyun-su (軍事)
Ti-ri (地理)
Mbreenux ka dheran Poran, ngayan nii we ga stqita ngayan alang daha. “Poran” nii we pneeyah kari Nansurahu ka “Polanie”, dungus na we, seediq ga meniq breenux mesa. Kika risu ndaan na Poran nii we, uka hhteran pais meeyah kmremux, kiya ka knteeun mosa gmeeluk kaalang dheran daha.
Mbreenux kana hri ka dheran Poran nii, ririh so breenux Tong-ow duma dheran na, spuun smepu de maha 173m ka knbrawan dheran na. Gino ba dheran na quri hunac ka so mgbungu hari, niqan Koarpacen sanmay ma Sutayto sanmay, bbaro na bale we 2,499m ka knbrawan na. yyayung na we to peeyah hanac alang daha mquri daya alang daha mqluli mosa Porotihay, yayung dnngusan na bale we, yayungWesuwa ma yayung Awto. Niqan rcilung mnhurah huda ka 9,300 kana, to hari ga alang daha quri daya, rcilung na tgparu ba we rcilung Siniyaarto.
Karac so rcilung ma, mqquri so dheran ka muuxun ma so mhhuriq ka karac Poran, niqan qhuni pparu waso na, msekuy de misan, mplabu ma eguw quyux, rbagan de mhhuriq ma mbruwa qmuyux. Idas 1 snpuwan na smepu we -5° betaq 10°, iads 7 de 17° betaq 20°, qquyux na kingal knlawas we 401mm betaq 800mm, hmrinas naq 1000mm ka dumu lmiqu; knuglahang bbuyu na wa mangal 28% ndheran daha.
Alang dnngusan (主要城市)
Cing-ci (經濟)
Bobo knkawas 1989 de, kndalax cihwa cingci na Suren mo-su mquri su-cang cingci, knkawas 1993 betaq knkawas 2000 ciida di we, ini beyo mrana ka GDP na, ani si dehuk knkawas 2001 de, uka riyung tocu ma syawfe ka kwone na ma, malan smgila na cencyo cingci, kika thuwe mrana ka cingci na Poran duri. mosa tuumal Ow-mong de ini beyo mrana ka cingci na dungan.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Warsaw7ob.jpg/220px-Warsaw7ob.jpg)
Kndalax turi dungan ka Poran nii de, mnoda knpriyux ka knkawas 1990, rmabang ba ka prdingan knkawas 21 suci, spruun ba qmita seediq nuinu ka Poran nii, maha niqan sntagan na mprima tunux Ow-mong ka dheya. Betaq knkawas 2009 idas 7 ciida, gino ba Poran nii ka mrana cingci cungcang daha kana 27 alang Ow-mong hiya ka mgnetun cingci weci.
Jen-ko (Hei seediq) (人口)
Kana jen-ko (hei seediq) Poran nii we 3843 wan(knkawas 2017), tg8 kneegu na Owco, tg29 kneegu ka laalang bobo dheran nii.
Cong-cyaw (宗教)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Faklor_of_sanok%2C_2005_1.jpg/220px-Faklor_of_sanok%2C_2005_1.jpg)
Congcyaw na Poran (波蘭宗教)
87.5% snhei Tencu-cyaw ka seediq Poran, duma ka seediq na 5% di we, to hari snhei Tongcung-cyaw ma Citu-sincyaw di. Saya de, uka riyung paru snhiyan na ma, smnegul cwantong sisu na Tencu-cyaw di. Ani naq ini psparu qmita congcyaw wunhwa ka seediq Poran saya di we, sqita saya kana Owco hii we, Poran nii ka ida dmoi snhiyan paru, egu riyung sapah tmhkuwan ka laalang Poran nii, niqan ba ssnhiyan daha congcyaw, 36.7% ka seediq nPoran ka mmaha misa sapah tmhkuwan knkingal ali gdregan.
Ani naq ssatang huwa yexi miriq na Purusu(sincyaw Rutocong) ma Okwo(tong-cungcyaw) ka Poran nii we, rmabang sdhegan ka lnglungan daha snhei Tencu-cyaw. Cyaw-cong daha tgberah wada malix ka Jowang‧Pawru-arsu we (peeyah knkawas 1978 betaq knkawas 2005), seediq Poran ka heya.
Yi-su (藝術)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panorama_siekierkowski.jpg/220px-Panorama_siekierkowski.jpg)
Haypaw soci na Poran nii we, niqan ba ngayan na kwoci, gaga tunux alang daha Hwasa hii ka tgkingal Haypaw Poukwan suce ta nii. 50 nentay ka 20 suci, ga qlhangan Kongcan-tang ka dheya, wada meelih ka yisu cwangco na ciida, hmeri ngalan pooda kari ka haypaw nii ka kwoming cuyo fasung ciida. Dehuk 20 suci, tening haypaw snalu na Poran nii we qtan riyung seediq, “mkela ba cosyang kotu ma lmlamu ka rrako na, wada smwaye eluw na sihwang yisu” kesun daha tmdahu rmengo.