Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1, also known as Lysosomal pepstatin-insensitive protease, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TPP1gene, also known as CLN2.[5][6] TPP1 should not be confused with the TPP1 shelterin protein which protects telomeres and is encoded by the ACD gene.[7]Mutations in the TPP1 gene leads to late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.[8]
Structure
Gene
The human gene TPP1 encodes a member of the sedolisin family of serine protease enzymes. The human gene has 13 exons and locates at the chromosome band 11p15.[6] It is also known as CLN2, due to the relation to the disease.
Protein
The human TPP1 is 61kDa in size and composed of 563 amino acids. An isoform of 34.5kDa and 320 amino acids is generated by alternative splicing and a peptide fragment of 1-243 amino acid is missing.[9] TPP1 contains a globular structure with a subtilisin-like fold, a Ser475-Glu272-Asp360 catalytic triad. It also contains an octahedrally coordinated Ca2+-binding site that are characteristic features of the S53 sedolisin family of peptidases. Unlike other S53 peptidases, it has steric constraints on the P4 substrate pocket, which might contribute to its preferential cleavage of tripeptides from the unsubstituted N-terminus of proteins. Two alternative conformations of the catalytic Asp276 are associated with the activation status of TPP1.[10]
Function
High expression of TPP1 is found in bone marrow, placenta, lung, pineal and lymphocytes. The protease functions in the lysosome to cleave N-terminal tripeptides from substrates and has weaker endopeptidase activity.[10] It is synthesized as a catalytically inactive enzyme which is activated and autoproteolyzed upon acidification.
Clinical significance
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders with pathological phenotypes that auto fluorescent lipopigments present in neurons and other cell types. Bi-allelic mutations of the gene TPP1 have been found to result in one of these disorders, called late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, also known as CLN type 2 or Jansky–Bielschowsky disease.[11] Mutations of gene is associated with the failure to degrade specific neuropeptides and a subunit of ATP synthase in the lysosome and accumulation of the fluorescent pigments.[12] The disease causes childhood onset neurodegeneration resulting in epilepsy, movement disorders and progressive loss of motor and cognitive skills.[13][14] Additionally, it causes retinal degeneration resulting in progressive loss of vision. Enzyme replacement therapy with cerliponase alfa can alter this course of disease, and is licensed for use in several countries.[15]
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Liu CG, Sleat DE, Donnelly RJ, Lobel P (June 1998). "Structural organization and sequence of CLN2, the defective gene in classical late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis". Genomics. 50 (2): 206–12. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5328. PMID9653647.
Hofmann SL, Atashband A, Cho SK, Das AK, Gupta P, Lu JY (August 2002). "Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses caused by defects in soluble lysosomal enzymes (CLN1 and CLN2)". Current Molecular Medicine. 2 (5): 423–37. doi:10.2174/1566524023362294. PMID12125808.
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Page AE, Fuller K, Chambers TJ, Warburton MJ (November 1993). "Purification and characterization of a tripeptidyl peptidase I from human osteoclastomas: evidence for its role in bone resorption". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 306 (2): 354–9. doi:10.1006/abbi.1993.1523. PMID8215436.
Sleat DE, Donnelly RJ, Lackland H, Liu CG, Sohar I, Pullarkat RK, Lobel P (September 1997). "Association of mutations in a lysosomal protein with classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis". Science. 277 (5333): 1802–5. doi:10.1126/science.277.5333.1802. PMID9295267.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID9373149.
Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ (January 1999). "Tripeptidyl-peptidase I is apparently the CLN2 protein absent in classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology. 1429 (2): 496–500. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(98)00238-6. PMID9989235.
Ezaki J, Takeda-Ezaki M, Oda K, Kominami E (February 2000). "Characterization of endopeptidase activity of tripeptidyl peptidase-I/CLN2 protein which is deficient in classical late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 268 (3): 904–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2207. PMID10679303.
Ezaki J, Takeda-Ezaki M, Kominami E (September 2000). "Tripeptidyl peptidase I, the late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis gene product, initiates the lysosomal degradation of subunit c of ATP synthase". Journal of Biochemistry. 128 (3): 509–16. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022781. PMID10965052.
