LIMSwiki

Posted on July 23, 2020 By Robert Payne

"Laccadives" redirects here. For the subgroup, see Laccadive Islands.

Lakshadweep
Union Territory
Official emblem of Lakshadweep
Emblem of Lakshadweep
The map of India showing Lakshadweep
Location of Lakshadweep in India
Coordinates: 10°34′N 72°38′E / 10.57°N 72.64°E / 10.57; 72.64
Country India
RegionSouth India
Formation1 November 1956
CapitalKavaratti
Largest cityAndrott
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Lakshadweep
 • AdministratorPraful Khoda Patel[1]
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Lok Sabha1 seat
High CourtKerala High Court
Area
[2]
 • Total
32.62 km2 (12.59 sq mi)
 • Rank36th
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • Total
64,473
 • Density1,976/km2 (5,120/sq mi)
Language
 • OfficialEnglish[4]
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-LD
Vehicle registrationLD
HDI (2019)0.751 (4th)
Literacy (2011)91.85%
Sex ratio (2011)946♀/1000 ♂ (1st)
Websitelakshadweep.gov.in
Symbols of Lakshadweep
Emblem of Lakshadweep
BirdSooty tern
FishButterfly fish
FlowerNeelakurinji
TreeBread fruit
List of union territory symbols

Lakshadweep (Malayalam: [lɐkʂɐd̪βʷiːbɨ̆]) is a union territory of India. It is an archipelago of 36 islands[a] divided into three island subgroups: the Amindivi Islands in the north, the Laccadive Islands (separated from Amindivi roughly by the 11th parallel north), and the atoll of Minicoy to the south of the Nine Degree Channel. The islands are located between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Laccadive Sea to the east, about 220–440 km (140–270 mi) off the Malabar Coast of mainland India.

The islands occupy a total land area of approximately 32.62 km2 (12.59 sq mi) with a population of 64,473 as per the 2011 census across the ten inhabited islands. There is a 132 km (82 mi) long coastline with a lagoon area of 4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi), territorial waters of 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi) and an exclusive economic zone of 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi). Lakshadweep is the northernmost island group of the exposed undersea mountain range, the Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge. The entire union territory is administered as a single district with Kavaratti as its capital.

Archaeological evidence from Kalpeni indicates human settlement in the region from at least 1500 BCE with early reference to the islands in the Buddhist Jataka tales from the 3rd century BCE and the Tamil Sangam literature Patiṟṟuppattu. The region was controlled by the Cheras in the Sangam period (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) and later by the Pallavas. Islam is presumed to have been brought in the 7th century by the arrival of Muslims. In the 11th century CE, the region was under influence of the Chola kingdom and formed a part of the trade route that connected the Middle East with South Asia. It came under the influence of the Portuguese briefly in the late 15th century CE before being ruled by the Arakkal kingdom, who were vassals of the Kolathiri Rajas of Kannur. The region was under the influence of the Mysore kingdom in the late 18th century and was later annexed to the British empire in 1799 CE. The islands became part of the Dominion of India following the Indian Independence in 1947 and was incorporated as a union territory in 1956.

The name Lakshadweep means "one lakh islands" (Lakṣadvīpa; one hundred thousand islands) in Malayalam and Sanskrit, though the islands are part of an archipelago of fewer islands. English is the designated official language while Jeseri, a dialect of Malayalam, is the widely spoken native language. Dhivehi is the most spoken language in the Minicoy Island. The region comes under the judicial jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court. Fishing and agriculture are the major occupations in the islands.

Etymology

The name Lakshadweep is derived from Lakṣadvīpa meaning "one hundred thousand islands," presumably from Sanskrit or Malayalam.[6] Laccadive seems to be the result of the Anglicization of the given name during the British Raj.[7] Amindivi derives its name from the Amindivi people, who were the earliest inhabitants of the Amini Island.[8] The native name of the Minicoy Island is Maliku, and the given name is the Anglicized version derived from the Nicobarese word Minikaa-raajje (meaning "land of the cannibals") as the island was known then in the Andaman and Nicobar.[9]

History

Early history

The early human migration from Africa to the Andaman Islands through India was thought by scientists to include Lakshadweep because of its location between Africa and the southwestern region of India. However, later genetic studies indicated that the majority of human ancestry in the islands derived from South Asia.[10] Archaeological evidence from Kalpeni indicate the existence of human settlements in the region from at least 1500 BCE.[11] The islands are mentioned in the Buddhist Jataka tales, dated to 3rd century CE.[11][12] Archeological evidence indicates the spread of Buddhism to the islands during the time of Sanghmitra, the daughter of emperor Ashoka, presumed to have visited the island.[13] Tamil Sangam literature Patiṟṟuppattu mentions that the region was ruled by the Cheras, one of the three kingdoms of ancient Tamilakam, in the Sangam period (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE).[14]

The islands have been known to sailors since at least 1st century CE, as indicated in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. It contains an anonymous reference to the islands off the coast of Damirica as a source of a turtle shell.[15][16] In 2nd century CE, Greek historian Ptolemy mentions 1378 islands located opposite to Taprobane (Sri Lanka) with the names of some of the islands given as Kanathara (Kavaratti), Argidion (Agatti), Ammine (Amini), and Monache (Minicoy). The islands later became part of a trade route with the Roman empire, with archeological evidence from as early as 2nd century CE obtained from Kadamath and Androth islands. Other travelers and historians such as Ammianus Marcellinus (4th century CE), Faxian (5th century CE), and Cosmas (6th century CE) mention the islands in their writings.[16]

Middle ages

Local traditions attribute the first settlement on the islands to Cheraman Perumal, the last Chera king of Kerala, though no historical evidence exists apart from the presence of ancient Hindu social stratification. According to local tradition, Islam was brought to the islands by Ubaidullah in 661 CE, whose purported grave is located in the Andrott island.[17] Inscriptions from Vayalur (in Tamil Nadu) indicates a naval battle fought during the reign of Narasimhavarman II (680-720 CE), which resulted in the capture of the territory by the Pallavas of Kanchi in the late 7th century CE. Epigraphs indicate the capture of the region of Kavadi Dvepa (presumably Kavaratti) by the Kadambas in the 10th century CE.[16] In the 11th century CE, the islands came under the rule of the Cholas.[18] Chola inscriptions from Thanjavur, indicate that the region was captured by Rajendra Chola I in 1018-19 CE.[19][20] In the late 11th century CE, it became part of a small Hindu kingdom before being passed on to the Kingdom of Kannur in early 12th century CE. The islands are mentioned in the writings of travelers Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta in the 13th-14th century CE.[15][21]

European colonization

Map of the islands (1877)

In the late 15th century CE, the islands came under the control of the Portuguese as a source of coir for their industries. The native islanders revolted against the Portuguese and expelled them in 1545 CE.[15][22] In the mid 16th century CE, all inhabited islands were conferred as jagir (land grant) to the ruling family of Kannur by the Chirakkal family of Kolathiri to grant protection from the Portuguese.[23][24] The Aminidivi islands came under the rule of Tipu Sultan of Mysore Kingdom in 1787 CE and were later annexed to the British Raj in 1799 CE after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.[15] The rest of the islands remained under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family in return for a payment of annual tribute to the British.[25] The British took over the administration of these islands in 1908 CE, citing the nonpayment of taxes, and attached it to the Madras Presidency.[26]

Post Independence

Further information: Scramble for Laccadives

After Indian Independence from colonial British rule in 1947, the islands became part of the Dominion of India, and later came under the administration of the Madras State after the Constitution of India was enacted in 1950.[27] Following the States Reorganisation Act (1956), the islands, which were earlier divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of the Madras state, were organized into a separate union territory administered by the Government of India.[28][29] The Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands were collectively renamed as the Lakshadweep islands on 1 November 1973.[17] The headquarters of the union territory remained at Kozhikode until 1964, when the seat of the Administrator was shifted to Kavaratti.[30] The territory has developed into a key Indian naval establishment due to its strategic location near vital shipping lanes from India to the Middle East.[31]

Geography

Satellite image showing the atolls of Lakshadweep, except Minicoy
Image of Maliku Atoll with Minicoy island visible

Lakshadweep is an archipelago of 36 islands and islets that includes 12 atolls, three reefs, and five submerged banks.[6][32] The islands occupy a total land area of approximately 32.62 km2 (12.59 sq mi) and only ten of the islands are inhabited.[2][33] The islands are located between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Laccadive Sea to the east, about 220–440 km (140–270 mi) off the Malabar Coast of mainland India.[15][6] The territory is divided into three island subgroups: the Amindivi islands in the north, the Laccadive islands in the East (separated from Amindivi by the 11th parallel north), and the atoll of Minicoy to the south of the Nine Degree Channel.[34] The islands have a 132 km (82 mi) long coastline with a lagoon area of 4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi), territorial waters of 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi), and an exclusive economic zone of 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi).[33]

Lakshadweep is the northernmost island group of the exposed undersea mountain range, the Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge.[35] While there are no conclusive theories about the formation of the atolls, Charles Darwin proposed in 1842 CE that the subsidence of a volcanic island resulted in the formation of a fringing reef, which grew upwards with continual subsidence.[8] The individual islands are small, with none of them measuring more than 1 mi (1.6 km) across. Most inhabited islands are situated on the eastern side of Lakshadweep and away from the low-lying lagoons to the West. The soil is generally sandy, derived from coral.[15] According to a 2017 report, the Parali I island of Bangaram atoll has eroded and is completely inundated. Four other islands in the atoll also show various degrees of erosion: Parali II (80%), Thinnakara (14.4%), Parali III (11.4%), and Bangaram (9.9%).[5]

Climate

The islands have a tropical monsoon climate, bordering on a tropical savanna climate. The weather is warm throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 20 to 32 degree Celsius. While tropical cyclones arising in the Arabian Sea rarely strike the islands due to its smaller size, winds and waves associated with them could alter the features of the islands considerably.[15]

Climate data for Lakshadweep 1981–2010, extremes 1996–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.3
(95.5) 		35.3
(95.5) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.8
(100.0) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		32.7
(90.9) 		34.8
(94.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.3
(97.3) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.4
(90.3) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.4
(88.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.6
(81.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.3
(79.3)
Record low °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.1
(71.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 8.3
(0.33) 		2.0
(0.08) 		0.5
(0.02) 		5.6
(0.22) 		85.1
(3.35) 		260.5
(10.26) 		400.1
(15.75) 		395.5
(15.57) 		309.6
(12.19) 		99.1
(3.90) 		27.5
(1.08) 		9.1
(0.36) 		1,602.9
(63.11)
Average rainy days 2.1 0.9 0.1 0.4 6.5 16.0 16.1 12.5 10.0 9.3 5.5 2.4 79.5
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 69 68 67 67 72 79 80 78 78 77 75 70 73
Source: India Meteorological Department[36][37]
Bangaram Atoll, an uninhabited island, is covered with coconut palms
A Green turtle in the Laccadive Sea
Domestic ducks in Kavaratti

Flora and fauna

Lakshadweep is part of the Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests ecoregion.[38] There are no forests on the islands.[39] Nearly 400 species of flowering plants have been documented, including three species of sea grasses Cymodocea isoetifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium and Thalassia hemprichii, other angiosperms such as Pandanus, Heliotropium foertherianum, Tournefortia argentea and Pemphis acidula, fungi, algae, and lichens. The common flora of the atolls include coconut groves and coastal shrubs such as Pemphis acidula, Cordia subcordata, Scaevola taccada, Thespesia populnea, Suriana maritima, Dodonaea viscosa, Guettarda speciosa, and seaweeds such as sea lettuces, Codium, and Hypena.[40][41]

There are over 600 recorded species of marine fishes, 78 species of corals, 82 species of seaweed, 52 species of crabs, 2 species of lobsters, 48 species of gastropods, and 12 species of bivalves.[40][42] It is one of the four coral reef regions in India.[43]

Cetacean diversity off the Lakshadweep Islands and in adjacent areas include various whales (e.g., pygmy blue, Bryde's, sperm, orca, pilot whale), and dolphins.[44][45][46] The commonly seen are introduced cattle and poultry.[8] Other notable marine fauna include sharks, bonitos, tunas, snappers, flying fish, Manta rays, octopuses, crabs, and turtles.[15] There are 101 species of birds, common amongst them include the brown noddy and sooty tern and water birds such as herons, teals, and gulls.[15][40][8] Pitti island is a declared bird sanctuary and an important breeding place for sea turtles and a number of pelagic birds including the brown noddy, lesser crested tern, and greater crested tern.[47]

Symbols of Lakshadweep[48]
Animal Butterfly fish (Chaetodon falcula) Bird Sooty tern (Sterna fuscata)
Tree Bread fruit (Artocarpus incisa) Flower Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana)

Administration and politics

Map of Lakshadweep
Bitra Island
Kadmat Island
Kavaratti Island
Viringili Island

Lakshadweep is a Union Territory and is governed by an administrator on behalf of the Government of India.[49][50] It was established in 1956 and constitutes a single Indian district.[29][51] The headquarters of the union territory were at Kozhikode until 1964, when the seat of the administrator of the islands was shifted to Kavaratti. Since then, the administration secretariat is based in Kavaratti.[52][53]

The territory is divided into ten administrative sub-divisions headed by sub-divisional officers, except the Minicoy and Agatti islands which are headed by deputy collectors.[54][55] The ten inhabited islands have village panchayats consisting of a total of 88 members across islands. These panchayats are combined to form a district panchayat, which has 26 elected members including the chairpersons of the ten village panchayats and the Member of Parliament for Lakshadweep Lok Sabha Constituency.[56] The territory is also divided into five community development blocks: Kavaratti, Amini, Andrott, Minicoy and Kiltan, each administered by Collector-cum-Development Commissioner, who is in charge of revenue and land settlement in their respective block. The commissioner also serves as a District magistrate and is assisted by an additional district magistrate and ten executive magistrates for enforcement of law and order.[52] The administrator acts as the Inspector General of Police and has command and control of the Lakshadweep Police, which has a sanctioned strength of 349 personnel across nine police stations.[54]

The territory elects one member to the lower house of the Indian parliament, the Lok Sabha.[57][58] Lakshadweep is a reserved constituency for Scheduled Tribes.[59] The union territory falls under the judicial jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court at Kochi, and has a system of lower courts under its authority. There is a district and sessions court in Kavaratti (established in 1997) and two munsiff courts in Andrott and Amini islands.[60][61]

List of islands of Lakshadweep[33][62][63][64]
Name Sub-division Area
(km2) 		Population
(2011)
Aminidivi Islands
Bitra Bitra 0.10 271
Chetlat Chetlat 1.174 2,347
Kiltan Kiltan 1.7 3,946
Kadmat Kadmat 3.34 5,404
Amini Amini 2.67 7,661
Laccadive Islands
Andrott Andrott 4.9 11,191
Agatti Agatti 3.84 7,556
Kalpitti 0.085 –
Bangaram 0.57 –[b]
Thinnakkara 0.522 –
Parali I 0.089 –
Parali II –
Parali III –
Kavaratti Kavaratti 4.22 11,221
Pitti (Bird Island) 0.001 –
Valiyakara 0.395 –
Cheriyakara 0.383 –
Kalpeni Kalpeni 2.79 4,419
Pitti I 0.028 –
Pitti II –
Cheriyam 0.537 –
Kodithala 0.0027 –
Thilakam I 0.055 –
Thilakam II –
Thilakam III –
Minicoy
Minicoy Minicoy 4.801 10,447
Viringili 0.025 –
Total 32.69[c] 64,473

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, Lakshadweep has a population of 64,473, consisting of 33,123 (51.3%) males and 31,350 (48.7%) females, and had a sex ratio of 946 females per 1,000 males in 2011.[3][65] It also recorded the highest sex ratio at birth amongst Indian territories as per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 2021.[66] As per the 2011 census, there were a total of 11,574 households and about 50,332 (78%) of the population lived in urban areas.[3] As per the NSO survey in 2017, the literacy rate was 92.28%, the second highest amongst all Indian territories.[67] As per the NFHS, the fertility rate was 1.4, significantly below the national average of 2.0.[68]

Religion and ethnicity

Religion in Lakshadweep (2011)[69]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 96.58%
Hinduism
 
 2.77%
Christianity
 
 0.49%
Others
 
 0.16%

Islam (96.6%) is the major religion of people of the islands with Sunni Islam being the predominant denomination, followed by Hinduism (2.8%) and Christianity (0.5%).[69][70] Most settlers of the islands are descendants of migrants from the Malabar coast of Southwest India and are ethnically similar to the Mappilas of Kerala.[71][72] According to local tradition, Islam was brought to the islands by Ubaidullah in 661 CE.[17] Although Islam is the predominant religion currently, the earliest settlers were probably Hindus, evidenced by the current social stratification and matrilineal kinship system in Lakshadweep.[15] The southernmost island of Minicoy is populated by the Mahls, an ethnic group also resident in the Maldives.[73]

Languages

Languages of Lakshadweep (2011)[74]
Language Percent
Malayalam (Jeseri)
 
 84.17%
Dhivehi (Mahl)
 
 14.44%
Others
 
 1.39%

English is the official language of the union territory.[4] Jeseri (also known as Dweep Basha), a dialect of Malayalam, is widely spoken language in the Amindivi and Laccadive islands. Mahl, a dialect of Dhivehi, is spoken in Minicoy.[75][76] There are minor variations of the same dialect across islands.[77]

Malayalam, written in the Malayalam script, was introduced as the primary language of Lakshadweep during the British Raj. This policy has been continued since independence, with Malayalam serving as a link language on all islands, including Minicoy.[78] Previously, a type of Arabic script, known as the Ponnani or Arabi Malayalam script, was used as the writing system.[79]

Economy

Coconut palms on the islands are commercially important

The economy is dependent on agriculture, fishery, and tourism.[15] As of 2013, there were 72 registered micro and small industries majorly involved in the public sector, and the manufacture of food products and furniture. With a minimal arable land of 2.58 hectares, the major agriculture produce is coconuts.[39] The major exports from Lakshadweep are coconut products including coconut fibre (coir) and fishes.[39][80] The government runs five coir factories, five production demonstration centers, and seven curling units that produce coir fiber, yarn and mats.[81]

Acanthurus leucosternon in the Laccadive Sea
Bangaram Atoll is being promoted as a tourist destination

With a vast lagoon area and an exclusive economic zone of 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi), fishing is a major industry. The estimated annual production is 21,016 tonnes of which 60% is tuna and related fishes. About 60% of the total production is converted to dried products and 40% is allocated for local consumption.[82] Commercial fishing is concentrated around 11 islands with skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna being the only commercial varieties. The government runs a tuna canning factory in the islands. Fishing is carried out using mechanized fishing boats, traditional country crafts, and country crafts fitted with outboard motors.[82][83]

Tourism in Lakshadweep began in 1974, when the Bangaram atoll was opened for international tourism.[84][85] According to government statistics, 10,435 domestic tourists and 1,313 foreign tourists visited the islands in 2018.[86] The government is promoting tourism as a means to increase the income of the local population, with Bangaram and Kadmat islands being promoted as potential tourist destinations. To promote tourism, activities such as scuba diving, wind surfing, snorkelling, surfing, kayaking, canoeing, water skiing, sportfishing, yachting and night sea voyages have been established.[85][87] Tourists require permission to visit Lakshadweep and foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands.[88] According to the current alcohol laws of India, alcoholic beverage consumption is not permitted on the islands, except on Bangaram.[89] In 2024, the government proposed further programmes to improve infrastructure and promote tourism.[90] The potential negative effects of tourism on the environment and ecosystem of the islands is a subject of debate.[91]

Infrastructure

There is limited mobile communication in the islands. Pictured is the office of state-owned BSNL in Kalpeni

There is no single power grid that connects Lakshadweep; independent power houses cater to the power requirements of the islands.[92] Minicoy was the first island to be electrified in 1962, followed by Kavaratti in 1964 and others later, with Bitra being the last island to be electrified in 1982. Two diesel generators were established in 1962, which generate about 51.6 Kilo Watts of power. As of 2012, the islands have 41 diesel generators and 12 solar photovoltaic systems with a total installed capacity of 18.5 Mega Watts.[92] In January 2024, a solar power plant was commissioned to augment the power generation capacity.[93]

The world's first ever experimental low-temperature thermal desalination plant opened in Kavaratti in 2005, with a projected daily production capacity of 100,000 litres of potable water from seawater. The plant utilises the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and much colder seawater at about 500 m (1,600 ft) depth to generate potable water as well as energy.[94][95] The technology was developed at the National Institute of Ocean Technology and the government has announced plans to build three more such plants.[96]

Mobile communication service is provided by state-owned BSNL across all inhabited islands and Airtel in Kavratti and Agatti islands.[97][98] In 2020, the government announced a project to install under-sea fiber optic cable for high-speed mobile and internet connectivity between Kochi and 11 islands of Lakshadweep, which was inaugurated in January 2024.[99][100] Post offices run by India Post provide mail service.[39]

Lakshadweep is served by four hospitals with 200 beds, four primary health centers, and 14 sub-health centers operated by the government.[39]

Transportation

Passenger ship MV Amindivi

The only airport in the territory is Agatti Airport on Agatti island.[101][102] The 1.2 km (0.75 mi) runway is capable of serving small turboprop aircraft. The government announced a plan in early 2024 to extend the runway to enable it to handle larger narrow body aircraft and expand the infrastructure to convert the airport into dual-use for civilian and military purposes. The construction of a greenfield airport at Minicoy Island was also proposed.[103] Two helicopters are presently operated by Pawan Hans and are utilised for passenger transport and emergency medical evacuation from the islands.[104][105]

As of 2019, there are 228 km (142 mi) of paved roads and no railway in the territory.[39][106] Additional roads have been planned, including a peripheral road at Kavaratti and beach front roads at Kadamath and Agatti islands.[107]

As of 2023, seven ships operate passenger services between Kochi and the islands, with seasonal boat/ferry services available between islands.[108][109] In 2024, the government unveiled a plan to develop three ports at Androth, Kalpeni and Kadamath islands as a part of the Sagar Mala project.[107] The ten inhabited island each have a minor port.[110] There are fifteen lighthouses on the islands, with the Minicoy Island Lighthouse (built in 1885) being the first modern lighthouse.[111][112][113]

The Indian Navy operates the INS Dweeprakshak naval base under the Southern Naval Command, commissioned in 2012.[114]

Education

The first public school was opened in Amini in 1904, followed by the establishment of elementary schools at Kiltan in 1911 and Kadmat in 1925.[115] The first high schools were established in the 1960s in Amini and Kalpeni.[116] As of 2023, there are 50 schools catering to 8,350 students.[117] There are four government colleges affiliated to Pondicherry University and two colleges and three university centers affiliated to Calicut University in the territory.[116][118][119][120]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Though one of the islands—Parali 1 island, part of Bangaram Atoll—has been completely inundated by 2017,[5] official sources maintain the count at 36.[6]
  2. ^ Bangaram island has a floating population
  3. ^ the sum of area of individual islands does not add up to the total area, as there are other smaller islets, reefs and banks which form part of the archipelago

References

  1. ^ "Who's Who, Lakshadweep". Government of India. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b Socio-economic statistics (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  3. ^ a b c State-wise population (Report). Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (PDF). Government of India (Report). 9 August 2021. p. 124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Uninhabited Lakshadweep island Parali I vanishes, 4 others shrinking fast". Live Mint. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d "About Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  7. ^ Kapur, Anu (2019). Mapping Place Names of India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-61421-7.
  8. ^ a b c d Singh, A (2014). "Anthropology of Small Islands: The Case of Lakshadweep Islands of India" (PDF). Anthropological Bulletin. 3. ISSN 2348-4667. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  9. ^ "History of Mincoy". Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  10. ^ "Genetic study on Lakshadweep human settlements done". Deccan Herald. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  11. ^ a b Saigal, Omesh (2000). Lakshadweep India, the land and the people. National Book Trust. p. 51. ISBN 978-8-123-73108-7.
  12. ^ "Jataka tales". University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  13. ^ Sharma, A. K. (2019). Archaeology of Maldives and Lakshadweep. B. R. Publishers. pp. 4–15. ISBN 978-9-388-78905-9.
  14. ^ Subrahmanian, N. (1994). Social and Cultural History of Tamil Nadu: From AD 1336 To AD 1984. University of Michigan. p. 37.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Lakshadweep". Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  16. ^ a b c Tripathi, Sila (1999). "Marine investigations in the Lakshadweep islands". Antiquity. 73 (282): 827–835. doi:10.1017/S0003598X0006556X. S2CID 162466780. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  17. ^ a b c "History of Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  18. ^ Menon, A Sreedhara (1 January 2007). A Survey Of Kerala History. DC Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-8-12641-578-6. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  19. ^ Hultzsch, E. (1991). "Inscriptions on the walls of the central shrine". South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil Inscriptions of Rajaraja, Rajendra Chola and Others in the Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur (in Tamil). Vol. 2. Chennai: Superintendent, Government Press. p. 109. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  20. ^ Sastri, Nilakanta (1955). "Rajendra (A.D. 1012-1044)". The Cholas (2nd ed.). Chennai: G. S. Press. pp. 211–213.
  21. ^ Forbes, Andrew D.W. (1979). "South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Volume 2: Sources towards a history of the Laccadive Islands". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 2: 130–150. doi:10.1080/00856407908722989.
  22. ^ Corn, Charles (1999) [First published 1998]. The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade. Kodansha America. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-568-36249-6.
  23. ^ The imperial gazetteer of India (Volume 8). Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  24. ^ Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 978-8-126-41588-5.
  25. ^ Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-8-120-60447-6.
  26. ^ Logan, William (1887). Malabar Manual. New Delhi: Asian Education Services. p. 2. ISBN 978-8-120-60446-9. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  27. ^ "Parliament of India". Constitution of India (PDF). Government of India. 1950. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  28. ^ 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF). Madras Government Press. 1953. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  29. ^ a b States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (PDF). Government of India (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  30. ^ District Census Handbook -Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (1971) - Village Directory (PDF). Kavaratti& Government Printing Press, Kozhikode: Administrator and Ex-Officio Director of Census Operations, Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Island. 1979. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  31. ^ "Navy commissions full-scale station in Lakshadweep". The Hindu. 1 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  32. ^ Sarit Kumar Mukerji. Islands Of India. Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. ISBN 978-8-123-02285-7. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  33. ^ a b c "Islands of Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  34. ^ Prostar Sailing Directions for India & Bay of Bengal En-route. National Geo spatial-intelligence Agency. 2005. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-577-85662-7.
  35. ^ Ashalatha, B.; Subrahmanyam, C.; Singh, R.N. (31 July 1991). "Origin and compensation of Chagos-Laccadive ridge, Indian ocean, from admittance analysis of gravity and bathymetry data". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 105 (1–3): 47–54. Bibcode:1991E&PSL.105...47A. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90119-3.
  36. ^ Station: Agatti (A) Climatology Table 1981–2010 (PDF). India Meteorological Department (Report). January 2015. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  37. ^ Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) (PDF). India Meteorological Department (Report). December 2016. p. M112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  38. ^ "Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Lakshadweep profile (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  40. ^ a b c "Biodiversity and Environment Protection" (PDF). Planning Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  41. ^ Rao, T.A.; Ellis, J.L. (1995). "Flora of Lakshadweep Islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants". Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 19: 235–250.
  42. ^ Khan, Asif N (2017). "First Record of Oriental Pratincole Glareola Maldivarum From Lakshadweep Archipelago". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 114. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  43. ^ Lakshadweep Development Report (PDF). Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  44. ^ "Sightings and Strandings - Bryde's whale". The Marine Mammal Conservation Network of India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  45. ^ "Sightings and Strandings - Killer whale". The Marine Mammal Conservation Network of India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  46. ^ Panicker, D. "Cetacean Diversity and Distribution in the Lakshadweep Islands, India". Rufford Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  47. ^ "The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972". Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep). Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  48. ^ "State Symbols of India". Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  49. ^ G. Palanithurai (2002). Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 37. ISBN 978-8-180-69129-4.
  50. ^ "Lt Governors and Administrators". Government of India. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  51. ^ Khee Giap Tan; Linda Low; Kong Yam Tan; Vittal Kartik Rao (2013). Annual Analysis Of Competitiveness, Simulation Studies And Development Perspective For 35 States And Federal Territories Of India: 2000-2010. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 546.
  52. ^ a b "Subdivision and blocks". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  53. ^ C.G.Pookoya (2018). Kalpeni Island: History, People and Culture. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-642-49960-5.
  54. ^ a b "Administrative setup". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  55. ^ T.N. Prakash; L. Sheela Nair; T.S. Shahul Hameed (2014). Geomorphology and Physical Oceanography of the Lakshadweep Coral Islands in the Indian Ocean. Springer International. p. 9. ISBN 978-3-319-12367-7.
  56. ^ "District Panchayath". Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  57. ^ "Our Parliament" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  58. ^ "Lakshadweep Lok Sabha Election results 2024: Full list of winners". India Today. 4 June 2024. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  59. ^ "Constituency | Lakshadweep | India". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  60. ^ "Judicial Setup". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  61. ^ D. Banerjea (2002). Criminal Justice India Series: Lakshadweep. Allied Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 978-8-177-64872-0.
  62. ^ Report on Lakshadweep (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  63. ^ Resource Report of Lakshadweep (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  64. ^ "Expert Committee report on Lakshadweep" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  65. ^ Census of India, provisional results (PDF). Government of India (Report). Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  66. ^ "Update on Child Sex Ratio" (Press release). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  67. ^ Household Social Consumption on Education in India (PDF). Government of India (Report). 2018. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  68. ^ National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) (PDF). Government of India (Report). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  69. ^ a b Population by religion community – 2011 (Report). Government of India. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  70. ^ Miller, Roland E. (2015). Mappila Muslim Culture: How a Historic Muslim Community in India Has Blended Tradition and Modernity. SUNY Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-1-438-45601-0. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  71. ^ "Lakshadweep: An isolated island that became a melting pot of cultures". The Indian Express. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  72. ^ "Lakshadweep-Culture and Heritage". Government of India. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  73. ^ "Lakshadweep's Minicoy Island, a kingdom for women". News Minute. 12 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  74. ^ 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue. Government of India (Report). Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  75. ^ Pardeep Patel. The Many Faces of India: A Portrait of Its People, Places, and Heritage. p. 131. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  76. ^ Kōyammakkōya, Eṃ (2012). Lakshadweep Pradesikabhasha Nighandu (Translation: Lakshadweep Regional Language Dictionary), Editor: Dr. Koyammakoya M. Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ, Nāṣaṇal Bukkȧ St̲āḷ. ISBN 978-8-192-28229-9.
  77. ^ India, a reference annual. Government of India. 2004. p. 851. ISBN 978-8-123-01156-1.
  78. ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). The Muslim Tribes of Lakshadweep Islands: An Anthropological Appraisal. M.D. Publications. ISBN 978-8-175-33032-0.
  79. ^ Subramoniam, V. I. (1997). Dravidian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 3, Language and literature. Thiruvananthapuram: International School of Dravidian Linguistics. pp. 508–509. ISBN 818569222X.
  80. ^ "The Ecological Implications Of Lakshadweep's New-Found Popularity". Outlook. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  81. ^ Report of the Working Group on Improvement of Banking Services in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep (PDF). Reserve Bank of India (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  82. ^ a b "Fisheries". Government of India. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  83. ^ "Seeking new horizons: Adoption of deep-tech a game-changer for fisheries in Lakshadweep". Times Now. 28 May 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  84. ^ "Lakshadweep's Tourism Renaissance: Opening the Isles to the World in 1974". DNN. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  85. ^ a b Report on tourism (PDF). Government of India (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  86. ^ "Maldives and Lakshadweep: How do the two groups of islands compare as tourism destinations?". The Indian Express. 29 January 2024. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  87. ^ "Things to do in Lakshadweep". Times Now. 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  88. ^ "Entry Permits". Government of India. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  89. ^ "Introduction to Lakshadweep Islands". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  90. ^ "Lakshadweep being discussed across the world after PM's visit, says its administrator". The Economic Times. 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  91. ^ Salahuddin (21 July 2023). "How controversial development chokes India's archipelagos". Frontline. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  92. ^ a b "Electricity in Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  93. ^ "PM Modi inaugurates Lakshadweep's on-grid solar project with advanced battery storage". The Economic Times. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  94. ^ "World's first ever low temperature thermal desalination plant opened at Kavaratti" (Press release). Ministry of Science and Technology (India), Government of India. 23 May 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  95. ^ "One Million Litre Per Day (1 MLD) Barge Mounted Desalination Plant" (Press release). Ministry of Science and Technology (India), Government of India. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  96. ^ "City institute plans to develop manned submersibles". The Hindu. 19 November 2009. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  97. ^ "About Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  98. ^ "Lakshadweep Sees the Addition of 5G BTS in October 2023". Telecom Talk. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  99. ^ "Cabinet approves undersea fibre link between Lakshadweep islands and Kochi". Live Mint. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  100. ^ "PM inaugurates project aiming to provide high-speed internet in Lakshadweep". The New Indian Express. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  101. ^ List of Aerodromes Licensed in Public Use Category (PDF). Directorate General of Civil Aviation of India (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  102. ^ "Flight services resume at Agatti after technical snag delays operations". The Hindu. 17 May 2024. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  103. ^ "Lakshadweep's lakshya: New airport". The Times of India. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  104. ^ "Pawan Hans services". Pawan Hans. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  105. ^ "Baby delivered on board Pawan Hans chopper on medical evacuation flight". The Indian Express. 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  106. ^ Road statistics (PDF) (Report). Government of India. p. 48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  107. ^ a b "Laksha for Dweep: ₹3.6kcr plan to turn islands in tourist hub". The Economic Times. 7 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  108. ^ "Means of Transport". Government of India. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  109. ^ "Adequate travel arrangements in place for islanders, says Lakshadweep administration". The Hindu. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  110. ^ Ports of India (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  111. ^ "Lighthouses". Government of India. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  112. ^ "Minicoy Island Lighthouse". Government of India. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  113. ^ "Indian Navy to commission naval base in Minicoy island (Maliku) tomorrow". Edition. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  114. ^ "Indian Navy gets new base in Lakshadweep islands". NDTV. 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  115. ^ "Education in Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  116. ^ a b "Lakshadweep Students Face Bureaucratic Battle Over Curriculum, Claim No Discussion With Stakeholders". The Wire. 28 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  117. ^ "Schools in Lakshadweep". Government of India. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  118. ^ "Pondicherry University allows UG, diploma courses in Lakshadweep". The Times of India. 24 January 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  119. ^ "Lakshadweep campus". Pondicherry University. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  120. ^ "Centers in Lakshadweep". Calicut University. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

Further reading

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweep

    by Robert Payne

    Follow me opinions Website

    Related Posts