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expr

Example of expr command that does basic summation
Original author(s)	Dick Haight (AT&T Bell Laboratories)
Developer(s)	Various open-source and commercial developers
Initial release	1979; 45 years ago (1979)
Operating system	Unix, Unix-like, IBM i
Platform	Cross-platform
Type	Command

expr is a command line utility on Unix and Unix-like operating systems which evaluates an expression and outputs the corresponding value. It first appeared in Unix v7. The command is available for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection^[1] of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.^[2] The expr command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.^[3]

expr evaluates integer or string expressions, including pattern matching regular expressions. Each symbol (operator, value, etc.) in the expression must be given as a separate parameter. Most of the challenge posed in writing expressions is preventing the invoking command line shell from acting on characters intended for expr to process.

Syntax: expr expression

The operators available

• for integers: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus
• for strings: match a regular expression; in some versions: find a set of characters in a string ("index"), find substring ("substr"), length of string ("length")
• for either: comparison (equal, not equal, less than, etc.)

The following is a (non-POSIX-compliant) example involving Boolean expressions:

expr length  "abcdef"  "<"  5  "|"  15  -  4  ">"  8

This example outputs "1". This is because length "abcdef" is 6, which is not less than 5 (so the left side of the | returns zero). But 15 minus 4 is 11 and is greater than 8, so the right side is true, which makes the or true, so 1 is the result. The program exit status is zero for this example.

For pure arithmetic, it is often more convenient to use bc. For example:

echo "3 * 4 + 14 / 2" | bc

since it accepts the expression as a single argument.

For portable shell programming, use of the "index", "length", "match" and "substr" commands must be avoided; string matching remains possible but it must use the "string : regexp" syntax.

• List of Unix commands

• expr: evaluate arguments as an expression – Shell and Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 4 from The Open Group
• expr invocation in GNU coreutils manual