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jmpl|338x338px|Simbol Lex Heraldic

Ukum (serepan saka Arab: حكم‎‎ ) yaiku kumpulan pranata kang dumadi saka norma lan sanksi. ^[1] Ukum minangka sakabèhé kaedah-kaedah uga dhasar-dhasar sing ngatur tatanan kang kalebu bebadan lan proses-proses kanggo mujudake aturan kasebut dadi kasunyatan ing masyarakat. Ukum iku perkara kang nduweni gegayutan raket karo panguripane manungsa, tegesé yaiku tatanan kang paling wigati sajroné ngleksanakaké rangkaiankekuwatan penegakan ukum dening bebadan penegak ukum amarga kabeh panguripane manungsa diwatesi dening ukum. ^[2] ^[3]

Ukum ngatur sanksi kanggo penyalahgunaan kekuwatan ing bidang pulitik, ekonomi, lan masyarakat kanthi werna-werna cara, uga tumindak dadi perantara utama ing hubungan sosial antar bebrayan marang pelanggaran hak-hak individu ing ukum perdata, saha ukum pidana sing ngupayakake cara nagara kanggo nuntut pelaku pelanggaran ukum ing masyarakat.

Administratif ukum digunakaké kanggo mriksa ulang saka pamrentah, dene ukum mancanegara ngatur perkara antara nagara mardika ing kegiyatan mulai saka dol-tinuku, lingkungan, peraturan, utawa tumindhak militer. Filsuf Aristoteles nyatakaké yen "supremasi hukum bakal luwih apik tinimbang aturan tirani sing akeh banget." ^[4] ^[5]

↑ "Salinan arsip" (PDF). Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2021-12-24. Dibukak ing 2022-08-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (pitulung)
↑ Robertson, Crimes against humanity, 90; see "analytical jurisprudence" for extensive debate on what law is; in The Concept of Law Hart argued law is a "system of rules" (Campbell, The Contribution of Legal Studies, 184); Austin said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction" (Bix, John Austin); Dworkin describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve justice (Dworkin, Law's Empire, 410); and Raz argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests (Raz, The Authority of Law, 3–36).
↑ https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/06/11/150500365/mengenal-apa-itu-hukum-pengertian-unsur-dan-sumbernya?page=all
↑ n.b. this translation reads, "it is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens: upon the same principle, if it is advantageous to place the supreme power in some particular persons, they should be appointed to be only guardians, and the servants of the laws." (Aristotle, Politics 3.16).
↑ Definisi "hukum" dari Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1997):

[uinj-1] "Salinan arsip" (PDF). Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2021-12-24. Dibukak ing 2022-08-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (pitulung)

[2] Robertson, Crimes against humanity, 90; see "analytical jurisprudence" for extensive debate on what law is; in The Concept of Law Hart argued law is a "system of rules" (Campbell, The Contribution of Legal Studies, 184); Austin said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction" (Bix, John Austin); Dworkin describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve justice (Dworkin, Law's Empire, 410); and Raz argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests (Raz, The Authority of Law, 3–36).

[3] ttps://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/06/11/150500365/mengenal-apa-itu-hukum-pengertian-unsur-dan-sumbernya?page=all

[4] .b. this translation reads, "it is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens: upon the same principle, if it is advantageous to place the supreme power in some particular persons, they should be appointed to be only guardians, and the servants of the laws." (Aristotle, Politics 3.16).

[5] Definisi "hukum" dari Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1997):

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