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International Standard Book Number

A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code
Acronym	ISBN
Organisation	International ISBN Agency
Introduced	1970; 54 vyaka vyajumphapo (1970)
No. of digits	13 (formerly 10)
Check digit	Weighted sum
Example	978-3-16-148410-0
Website	isbn-international.org

Nambala ya International Standard Book Number (ISBN) ni nambara iyo yikulongora umo mabuku ghakuguliskikira. Ŵakupharazga ŵakugura panji kupokera mazina gha ISBN ku wupu unyake wa International ISBN Agency.^[1]

Buku lililose likuŵa na ISBN (International Number Number Number) ndipo para lafuma likuŵa na ISBN. Mwachiyelezgero, buku la pa kompyuta, buku lakupelekeka mu mapepara ghafinyi, na buku lakupelekeka mu mapepara ghakusuzga, waliyose waŵenge na ISBN yake. Nambala ya ISBN njitali manambara 10 usange yapika pambere chaka cha 2007 chindafike, ndipo njitali manambara 13 usange yapika pa 1 Janyuwale 2007 panji pamanyuma pake. Nthowa yakupelekera ISBN yikupambana mu vyaru na vyaru, ndipo kanandi yikuthemba pa unandi wa mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu vyaru ivi.

Mtundu wakwambilira wa ISBN ukapangika mu 1967, kufuma pa manambara 9 gha Standard Book Numbering (SBN). Gulu la pa charu chose lakuwona vya ndembera (International Organization for Standardization (ISO)) ndilo likapangiska ISBN ya manambara 10.

Mabuku agho ghakupharazgika na ŵanthu ŵekha nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa na ISBN yayi. Nyengo zinyake wupu wa International ISBN Agency ndiwo ukupeleka mazina gha mabuku agha.

Nambara yinyake iyo yikovwira kumanya mabuku nga ni magazini na manyuzipepara ni International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). International Standard Music Number (ISMN) yikung'anamura sumu.

Nambara ya Buku (SBN) ni nthowa yakupangira mabuku iyo yikugwiliskira ntchito manambara gha manambara 9. Mu 1965, WHSmith, uyo wakuguliska mabuku ku Britain, wakapharazga kuti wakukhumba kuŵika manambara gha mabuku ghake. Ŵakalemba ntchito ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire, ndipo Gordon Foster, uyo wakaŵa pulofesa wa masamu pa Trinity College ku Dublin ndiyo wakambiska nthowa iyi. Wupu wa International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee on Documentation ukakhumbanga kusintha SBN ya ku Britain kuti yiŵe yakovwira pa caru cose. Mtundu wa ISBN ukapangika mu 1967 ku United Kingdom na David Whitaker (uyo wakucemeka "Wiske wa ISBN") ndipo mu 1968 ku United States na Emery Koltay (uyo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulongozgi wa U.S. Wupu wa ISBN R. R. Bowker).^[2][3][4]

Fomu ya ISBN ya manambara 10 yikapangika na wupu wa ISO ndipo yikalembeka mu 1970 nga ni ISO 2108. Ku United Kingdom ŵakalutilira kugwiliskira nchito nambara ya SBN m'paka mu 1974. Wupu wakuwona vya masisiteri (International ISBN Agency) ndiwo uli na mazaza gha kulembeska masisiteri pa charu chose. Pa Intaneti pali mabuku gha ISO agho ghakulongosora waka vya mu 1978.

Nambala ya SBN yingasinthika kuŵa ISBN mwa kuŵikapo chilembo cha "0". Mwaciyelezgero, magazini yaciŵiri ya Mr. J. Wakayama G. Reeder Returns, ilo likalembeka na Hodder mu 1965, lili na "SBN 340 01381 8", apo "340" likung'anamura mupharazgi. Para nambala iyi yalembeka pambere nambara yindalembeke, yingazgoka ISBN 0-340-01381-8; nambara iyi yikukhumbikwa yayi kuŵerengaso. Ŵakupharazga ŵanyake, nga ni Ballantine Books, nyengo zinyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito manambara 12 gha SBNs apo manambara ghatatu ghaumaliro ghakalongoranga mtengo wa buku; nga ni umo viliri na Woodstock Handmade Houses.

Kwambira pa Janyuwale 1, 2007, manambara gha ISBN ghali na manambara 13, ndipo ghakukolerana na manambara gha "Bookland" agho ghali na manambara 13..^[5]

Buku lililose likuŵa na ISBN yake (pakuleka kupulinta). Mwaciyelezgero, buku la e-book, la ma audiobook, la mapepara ghapusu, na la buku limoza, lili na ISBN yakupambana.:12 ISBN njitali manambara 13 usange yili kulembeka pa 1 Janyuwale 2007 panji pamanyuma pake, ndipo njitali manambara 10 usange yili kulembeka pambere chaka cha 2007 chindafike.^{[lower-alpha 1][5]} Nambala ya International Standard Book Number yili na vigaŵa vinayi (para ni ISBN ya manambara 10) panji vigaŵa vinkhondi (para ni ISBN ya manambara 13).

Pa chigaŵa cha 5 mu buku la International ISBN Agency's official user manual:11 pali kulembeka umo ISBN ya manambara 13 yiliri:

1. pa ISBN ya manambara 13, chigaŵa chakwamba   a GS1 prefix: mpaka sono GS1 yapeleka 978 panji 979,
2. chigaŵa cha gulu la kulembeska (gulu la vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza, charu chimoza panji chigaŵa chimoza),^{[lower-alpha 2]}
3. chigaŵa cha uyo wakulembeska,
4. chigaŵa cha kufumiska, na
5. Chilembo cha checksum panji chilembo cha digito.

Nambala ya ISBN ya manambara 13 yingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vyake (vigaŵa vyakwambilira, gulu la kulembeska, munthu uyo wali kulembeska, buku, na nambara ya kuwoneskera), ndipo para vyaŵa nthena, kanandi vigaŵa ivi vikugaŵikana na vilembo vyambura kulembeka. Kugaŵa vigaŵa vya ISBN ya manambara 10 (gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵali kulembeska, awo ŵali kulembeska, awo ŵalembeka, na awo ŵali na nambara iyo ŵakukhumba kuwona) kukucitikaso na ma hyphens panji malo. Ntchipusu yayi kupambaniska makora ISBN, chifukwa vigaŵa vinandi vikugwiliskira ntchito manambara ghanandi yayi.^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Kufumiska ISBN nkhwakuyana waka na charu chilichose, chifukwa ni wupu uwo uli na mazaza pa charu ichi. Vinthu ivyo vikulembeka pa ISBN vikuthemba pa umo mabuku ghakusindikizgika mu charu icho, ntheura vikupambana kuyana na unandi wa mabuku, na unandi, mtundu, na ukuru wa awo ŵakulemba mabuku. Maofesi ghanyake ghakulembeka mazina gha visopa ghakusangika mu malaibulale panji mu maofesi gha boma ghakuwona vya kusambizga ŵanthu Baibolo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nchito ya kulembeska ISBN yikucitika na mawupu agho ghakupokera ndalama yayi kufuma ku boma.^[7]

Maofesi ghose gha ISBN ghali pa webusayiti ya International ISBN Agency.^[8] Pa vyaru ivi pali vigaŵa vichoko waka:

• Australia – Thorpe-Bowker^[9][10]
• Brazil – The National Library of Brazil;^[11] (Up to 28 February 2020)^[12]
• Brazil – Câmara Brasileira do Livro^[13] (From 1 March 2020)^[12]
• Canada – English Library and Archives Canada, a government agency; French Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec;
• Colombia – Cámara Colombiana del Libro, an NGO
• Hong Kong – Books Registration Office (BRO), under the Hong Kong Public Libraries^[14]
• Iceland – Landsbókasafn (National and University Library of Iceland)
• India – The Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency for ISBN (Book Promotion and Copyright Division), under Department of Higher Education, a constituent of the Ministry of Human Resource Development^[15]
• Israel – The Israel Center for Libraries^[16]
• Italy – EDISER srl, owned by Associazione Italiana Editori (Italian Publishers Association)^[17][18]
• Kenya – National Library of Kenya
• Lebanon – Lebanese ISBN Agency
• Maldives – The National Bureau of Classification (NBC)
• Malta – The National Book Council (Maltese: Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb)^[19][20][21]
• Morocco – The National Library of Morocco
• New Zealand – The National Library of New Zealand^[22]
• Nigeria – National Library of Nigeria
• Pakistan – National Library of Pakistan
• Philippines – National Library of the Philippines^[23]
• South Africa – National Library of South Africa
• Spain – Spanish ISBN Agency – Agencia del ISBN
• Turkey – General Directorate of Libraries and Publications, a branch of the Ministry of Culture^[24]
• United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland – Nielsen Book Services Ltd, part of Nielsen Holdings N.V.^[25]
• United States – R. R. Bowker^[26][27]

TChigaŵa cha gulu la kulembeska ISBN ni nambara ya manambara 1 m'paka 5 iyo yili na chigaŵa chimoza pera (ya 978 panji 979): 11 ndipo yingapatukana na "978-1-"... Magulu gha kulembeska ghakapelekeka mu chigaŵa cha 978 prefix. Mabungwe gha cilembo cimoza mu cigaŵa ca 978 ni: 0 panji 1 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi; 2 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci; 3 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cigerman; 4 ku Japan; 5 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cirushiya; na 7 ku China. Chiyelezgero cha gulu la manambara ghankhondi ni 99936, ku Bhutan. Magulu gha kulembeska agho ghalipo ni agha: 05, 600, 625, 65, 7, 8094, 950, 989, 9917 na 99901. Mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu viyowoyero vichoko chomene kanandi ghakukhala nyengo yitali.

Mu chigaŵa cha 979, chigaŵa cha kulembeska chigaŵa cha 0 chili kulembeka kuti chiŵe chakukolerana na International Standard Music Numbers (ISMNs), kweni chigaŵa ichi chikuŵa na ISBN yayi. Magulu gha kulembeska agho ghalembeka mu chigaŵa cha 979 ni 8 ku United States of America, 10 ku France, 11 ku Republic of Korea, na 12 ku Italyy.^[28]

The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing a zero to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN.

Wupu wa ku caru cose ukupeleka ISBN (cf. Wupu uwu ukupeleka zina la ISBN ku buku lililose. Mu vyaru vinandi, dango likukhumba yayi kuti mulembi wa mabuku wapelekenge ISBN, nangauli mu mashopu ghanandi ghakurughakuru mukusangika mabuku agho ghali na ISBN.

Wupu wa International ISBN Agency ndiwo ukulemba mazina gha ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni awo ŵali na mazina agha. Mungapenja pa Intaneti.

Ŵapharazgi ŵakupokera mazina ghakupambanapambana gha ISBN, ndipo mazina ghakurughakuru ghakupelekeka ku ŵapharazgi awo ŵakukhazga kuti ghaŵawovwirenge. Para mabokosi gha ISBN ghasangika, mupharazgi wangapokera mabokosi ghanyake gha ISBN agho ghali na chigaŵa chakupambana cha uyo wakulembeska. Ntheura, mupharazgi wangaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya munthu wakulembeska. Kweniso mu charu chimoza mungaŵa vimanyikwiro vinandi vya gulu la kulembeska. Ivi vingacitika para ŵanthu wose awo ŵali kulembeska mu gulu limoza ŵapelekeka ku ŵapharazgi.

Pakugwiliskira nchito vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, mawupu ghakulembesa mabuku ghangaŵa na mwaŵi wa kupeleka mazina ghakupambanapambana ku awo ŵakulemba mabuku. Mwaciyelezgero, mupharazgi mulara wangapika mabokosi gha ISBN apo manambara ghachoko ghali kupelekeka ku munthu uyo wakulembeska ndipo manambara ghanandi ghali kupelekeka ku munthu uyo wakulemba mabuku.^[29] Apa pali ma code gha ISBN agho ghakulongora umo ma block ghakupambanirana.

Vigaŵa vya gulu la kulembeska mu Cingelezi ni 0 na 1 (vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vyakujumpha 220 vya gulu la kulembeska). Vinthu viŵiri ivi vya gulu la kulembeska vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vya munthu wakulembeska mu ndondomeko iyo yikovwira kumanya utali wake, nga ni umo vikuŵira:^[30]

Chiŵerengero cha digito ni nthowa yakuwoneramo maubudi agho ghakovwira kumanya maubudi. Chiŵelengero ichi chili na nambara yimoza. Nthowa ya ISBN ya manambara 10 njakusazgikira kwa iyo ya SBNs, ntheura vyaru viŵiri ivi vikukolerana; SBN iyo yili na cero (ISBN ya manambara 10) yikuŵa na cikozgo cimoza na ca SBN kwambura cero. Chiŵerengero icho chikulembeka ni base 11, ndipo chingaŵa chiŵerengero chose pakati pa 0 na 9, panji 'X.' Nambala ya ISBN ya manambara 13 yikukolerana yayi na ya SBN ndipo kanandi yikupambana na ya manambara 10, ntheura yikuvikilirika yayi. Chifukwa ntchakuti nambara ya manambara 13 yikeneranga kukolerana na EAN, ntheura yikaŵanga na "X" yayi.

Kuyana na buku la 2001 la International ISBN Agency's official user manual, nambara ya ISBN (iyo ni nambara yaumaliro ya nambara 10 ya ISBN) yikwenera kuŵa pakati pa 0 na 10 (chimanyikwiro cha 'X' chikung'anamura 10), ndipo yikwenera kuŵa yakuti nambara 10 zose, yimoza na yimoza yikwenera kuŵikamo (nambara yimoza), kufuma pa 10 kufika pa 1, ni nambara yimoza na 11.

For example, for an ISBN of 0-306-40615-2:

Formally, using modular arithmetic, this is rendered

It is also true for ISBNs that the sum of all ten digits, each multiplied by its weight in ascending order from 1 to 10, is a multiple of 11. For this example:

Formally, this is rendered

The two most common errors in handling an ISBN (e.g. when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. It can be proven mathematically that all pairs of valid ISBNs differ in at least two digits. It can also be proven that there are no pairs of valid ISBNs with eight identical digits and two transposed digits. (These proofs are true because the ISBN is less than eleven digits long and because 11 is a prime number.) The ISBN check digit method therefore ensures that it will always be possible to detect these two most common types of error, i.e., if either of these types of error has occurred, the result will never be a valid ISBN – the sum of the digits multiplied by their weights will never be a multiple of 11. However, if the error were to occur in the publishing house and remain undetected, the book would be issued with an invalid ISBN.^[31]

In contrast, it is possible for other types of error, such as two altered non-transposed digits, or three altered digits, to result in a valid ISBN (although it is still unlikely).

Each of the first nine digits of the 10-digit ISBN – excluding the check digit itself – is multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 2, and the sum of these nine products found. The value of the check digit is simply the one number between 0 and 10 which, when added to this sum, means the total is a multiple of 11.

For example, the check digit for an ISBN of 0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows:

Adding 2 to 130 gives a multiple of 11 (because 132 = 12×11) – this is the only number between 0 and 10 which does so. Therefore, the check digit has to be 2, and the complete sequence is ISBN 0-306-40615-2. If the value of required to satisfy this condition is 10, then an 'X' should be used.

Alternatively, modular arithmetic is convenient for calculating the check digit using modulus 11. The remainder of this sum when it is divided by 11 (i.e. its value modulo 11), is computed. This remainder plus the check digit must equal either 0 or 11. Therefore, the check digit is (11 minus the remainder of the sum of the products modulo 11) modulo 11. Taking the remainder modulo 11 a second time accounts for the possibility that the first remainder is 0. Without the second modulo operation, the calculation could result in a check digit value of 11 − 0 = 11, which is invalid. (Strictly speaking, the first "modulo 11" is not needed, but it may be considered to simplify the calculation.)

For example, the check digit for the ISBN of 0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows:

Thus the check digit is 2.

It is possible to avoid the multiplications in a software implementation by using two accumulators. Repeatedly adding t into s computes the necessary multiples:

// Returns ISBN error syndrome, zero for a valid ISBN, non-zero for an invalid one.
// digits[i] must be between 0 and 10.
int CheckISBN(int const digits[10]) {
  int i, s = 0, t = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    t += digits[i];
    s += t;
  }
  return s % 11;
}

The modular reduction can be done once at the end, as shown above (in which case s could hold a value as large as 496, for the invalid ISBN 99999-999-9-X), or s and t could be reduced by a conditional subtract after each addition.

Appendix 1 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual^[32]:33 describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10. As ISBN is a subset of EAN-13, the algorithm for calculating the check digit is exactly the same for both.

Formally, using modular arithmetic, this is rendered:

The calculation of an ISBN check digit begins with the first twelve digits of the 13-digit ISBN (thus excluding the check digit itself). Each digit, from left to right, is alternately multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are summed modulo 10 to give a value ranging from 0 to 9. Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A zero replaces a ten, so, in all cases, a single check digit results.

For example, the ISBN check digit of 978-0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows:

s = 9×1 + 7×3 + 8×1 + 0×3 + 3×1 + 0×3 + 6×1 + 4×3 + 0×1 + 6×3 + 1×1 + 5×3
  =   9 +  21 +   8 +   0 +   3 +   0 +   6 +  12 +   0 +  18 +   1 +  15
  = 93
93 / 10 = 9 remainder 3
10 –  3 = 7

Thus, the check digit is 7, and the complete sequence is ISBN 978-0-306-40615-7.

In general, the ISBN check digit is calculated as follows.

Let

Then

Njira iyi ya kuwoneskera njakuyana waka na nthowa ya UPC ya kuwoneskera manambara. Para pali mphambano pakati pa manambara ghaŵiri gha pafupi na limoza, manambara ghaŵiri agha ghakusangika yayi. Mwaciyelezgero, ciyelezgero ico cili pacanya apa cikulongora kuti para nambala 6 yalondezgeka na nambala 1, mbwenu pali suzgo. Para nambala iyi yalembeka mu ndondomeko yiwemi, yikwimira 3 × 6 + 1 × 1 = 19; kweni para nambala iyi yalembeka mu nthowa yinyake (1 na 6), yikwimira 3 × 1 + 1 × 6 = 9. Ndipouli, 19 na 9 vikuyana waka, ndipo vyose vikuyana waka. Fomula ya ISBN yikugwiliskira ntchito nambala ya nambala 11 iyo yikovwira kuti munthu waleke kuwona vinthu mwambura kuwona.

Kweniso usange manambara ghaŵiri, ghanayi, ghankhondi na limoza.

ISBN yikuzgoka ISBN para pa ISBN pali mazgu ghakuti "978" na kupendeseraso chiŵelengero chaumaliro. Para nambala yikwamba na chilembo chinyake padera pa 978, yingaŵa yayi.

Publishers and libraries have varied policies about the use of the ISBN check digit. Publishers sometimes fail to check the correspondence of a book title and its ISBN before publishing it; that failure causes book identification problems for libraries, booksellers, and readers.^[33] For example, ISBN 0-590-76484-5 is shared by two books – Ninja gaiden: a novel based on the best-selling game by Tecmo (1990) and Wacky laws (1997), both published by Scholastic.

Most libraries and booksellers display the book record for an invalid ISBN issued by the publisher. The Library of Congress catalogue contains books published with invalid ISBNs, which it usually tags with the phrase "Cancelled ISBN".^[34] However, book-ordering systems will not search for a book if an invalid ISBN is entered to its search engine.^{[citation needed]} The International Union Library Catalog (a.k.a., WorldCat OCLC – Online Computer Library Center system) often indexes by invalid ISBNs, if the book is indexed in that way by a member library.^[35]

Only the term "ISBN" should be used; the terms "eISBN" and "e-ISBN" have historically been sources of confusion and should be avoided. If a book exists in one or more digital (e-book) formats, each of those formats must have its own ISBN. In other words, each of the three separate EPUB, Amazon Kindle, and PDF formats of a particular book will have its own specific ISBN. They should not share the ISBN of the paper version, and there is no generic "eISBN" which encompasses all the e-book formats for a title.^[36]

Mazuŵa ghano, manambara agho ghali pa chikopi chakumasinda cha buku (panji mukati mwa chikopi chakunthazi cha buku la mapepara) ni EAN-13; ghangaŵa na manambara ghankhondi agho ghakulongora ndalama iyo munthu wakuguliska na mtengo wake. Pa manambara 10 gha ISBN, nambala ya "978", iyo ni Bookland "country code", yikwamba na ISBN mu barcode data, ndipo chiŵelengero cha check digit chikupendekaso kuyana na EAN-13 formula (modulo 10, 1× na 3× weighting on alternating digits).

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mazina ghanyake gha ISBN, wupu wa International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ukasintha mazina agha. Ndondomeko iyi yikamba pa Janyuwale 1, 2005, ndipo yikeneranga kumara pa Janyuwale 1, 2007. Kufumira mu 2011, manambara ghose 13 ghakwamba na 978. Pakuwona kuti nambala ya ISBN ya 978 yili kumara, ŵakalemba 979. Chigaŵa chimoza cha code 979 chikugwiliskirika ntchito na code ya Musicland pa sumu izo zili na ISMN. Makhodi gha ISMN gha manambara 10 ghakaŵa ghakupambana chifukwa ghakambanga na "M". Ma ISMN ghose sono ghali na manambara 13 agho ghakwamba na Template:Not a typo; Template:Not a typo to Template:Not a typo.

Nambara ya chigaŵa cha chiyowoyero ichi yikuyana yayi na nambala ya chigaŵa cha chiyowoyero chinyake. Kweniso, nambara ya ISBN ya manambara 10 yikuyana yayi na nambara ya ISBN ya manambara 13. Chifukwa chakuti GTIN-13 ntchigaŵa cha Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) system (iyo yikusazgapo GTIN-14, GTIN-12, na GTIN-8), ISBN ya manambara 13 yili na manambara 14.^[37]

• ASIN (Amazon Standard Identification Number)
• BICI (Book Item and Component Identifier)
• Book sources search – a Wikipedia resource that allows search by ISBNs
• CODEN (serial publication identifier currently used by libraries; replaced by the ISSN for new works)
• DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
• ESTC (English Short Title Catalogue)
• ISAN (International Standard Audiovisual Number)
• ISRC (International Standard Recording Code)
• ISTC (International Standard Text Code)
• ISWC (International Standard Musical Work Code)
• ISWN (International Standard Wine Number)
• LCCN (Library of Congress Control Number)
• License number (East German books) [de] (Book identification system used between 1951 and 1990 in the former GDR)
• List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes
• List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes
• List of ISBN registration groups
• SICI (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier)
• VD 16 (Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts, "Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Sixteenth Century")
• VD 17 (Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 17. Jahrhunderts, "Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Seventeenth Century")

• ISO 2108:2017 – International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
• International ISBN Agency – coordinates and supervises the worldwide use of the ISBN system
  • Numerical List of Group Identifiers – List of language/region prefixes
  • Free conversion tool: ISBN to ISBN & ISBN to ISBN from the ISBN agency. Also shows correct hyphenation & verifies if ISBNs are valid or not.
• "Guidelines for the Implementation of 13-Digit ISBNs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 Sekutembala 2004
• RFC 3187 – Using International Standard Book Numbers as Uniform Resource Names (URN)