Trends in LIMS

July 25 is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 159 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 285 – Diocletian appoints Maximian as his Roman co–ruler.
• 306 – Constantine I is elected Emperor by his troops.
• 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome.
• 864 – The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings
• 1261 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re–establishing the Byzantine Empire.
• 1278 – The Battle of Algeciras results in a victory for the Emirate of Granada.
• 1467 – Battle of Molinella: First battle in Italy in which guns are used extensively.
• 1536 – Sebastian de Belalcazar founds the city of Santiago de Cali in Colombia in his search for El Dorado.
• 1538 – The city of Guayaquil in present–day Ecuador is founded.
• 1547 – King Henry II of France is crowned.
• 1554 – Mary I of England marries Philip II of Spain.
• 1567 – Caracas is founded.
• 1593 – Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
• 1603 – James VI of Scotland is crowned joint king of Scotland and England.
• 1668 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
• 1797 – Horatio Nelson loses over 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife.
• 1814 – War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane.
• 1824 – Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
• 1868 – Wyoming becomes a United States Territory.
• 1869 – The daimyo begin returning their land holdings to the Emperor of Japan as part of the Meiji Restoration.
• 1893 – The Corinth Canal in Greece is used for the first time.
• 1898 – Spanish–American War: The US invades Puerto Rico.

• 1909 – Louis Blériot flies across the English Channel.
• 1917 – Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada.
• 1920 – France captures Damascus.
• 1925 – The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
• 1934 – The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
• 1935 – A flooding disaster in China kills around 200,000 people.
• 1940 – World War II: General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
• 1942 – World War II: The Norwegian Manifesto calls for non–violent resistance against the Nazis.
• 1943 – Benito Mussolini is removed from office by his own Italian Grand Council. He is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
• 1944 – World War II: Operation Spring – Canada's military suffers its deadliest day of the war, as 500 soldiers are killed, with around 1,000 injured.
• 1951 – The legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is protected under Turkish law.
• 1952 – Puerto Rico introduces a constitution.
• 1956 – Near Nantucket Island, Italian Ocean liner Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51 people.
• 1957 – Tunisia becomes a Republic, with Habib Bourguiba as President.
• 1961 – John F. Kennedy says that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
• 1965 – Bob Dylan goes electric as he plugs in at the Newport Folk Festival.
• 1969 – An earthquake in China kills around 3,000 people.
• 1973 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
• 1976 – The Viking 1 space probe takes the famous "Face on Mars" photograph.
• 1978 – Louise Brown, the first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, England.
• 1984 – Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to go on a space walk.
• 1992 – The 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona begin.
• 1993 – Saint James Church massacre in Kenilworth, Cape Town.
• 1994 – Israel and Jordan end their state of war, which had existed since 1948.
• 1995 – A gas bottle explodes at Saint Michel station of Line B on Paris' regional rail network, killing 8 people.
• 1996 – In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
• 1997 – K. R. Narayanan becomes President of India.
• 1999 – Lance Armstrong wins the first the seven consecutive Tour de France titles that have been struck from the record in 2012 following doping revelations.
• 2000 – Air France Flight 4590, a concorde supersonic jet, crashes shortly after take–off near Paris, killing all 109 people on board, and 4 on the ground.

• 2002 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam becomes President of India.
• 2007 – Pratibha Patil becomes the first female President of India.
• 2010 – WikiLeaks releases 90,000 internal reports on the US involvement in the War in Afghanistan.
• 2012 – Pranab Mukherjee becomes President of India.
• 2013 – Tunisian opposition leader Mohamed Brahmi is shot dead, leading to many protests in the country.
• 2017 – Ram Nath Kovind becomes President of India.
• 2018 – A bomb attack occurs in the city of Quetta, Pakistan, killing 31 people, on the country's election day. Former cricketer Imran Khan's party declares victory in the vote.
• 2018 – The discovery of a lake of liquid water under Mars' southern polar ice cap is announced.
• 2019 – Beji Cad Essebsi, President of Tunisia, dies aged 92 while still in office; Mohamed Ennaceur becomes Interim President until elections can be held.
• 2019 – Several Western European countries and cities record their hottest–ever temperatures.
• 2019 – Over 150 people die when their boat sinks off Libya.

• 975 – Thietmar of Merseburg, bishop, historian and writer (d. 1018)
• 1016 – Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland (d. 1058)
• 1109 – King Afonso I of Portugal (d. 1185)
• 1261 – Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
• 1336 – Albert, Count of Holland (d. 1404)
• 1404 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
• 1421 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)
• 1562 – Kato Kiyomasa, Japanese daimyo and samurai (d. 1611)
• 1654 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (d. 1728)
• 1657 – Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
• 1658 – Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll (d. 1703)
• 1683 – Pieter Langendijk, Dutch dramatist and poet (d. 1756)
• 1704 – August Gottlieb Spangenberg, theologian (d. 1792)
• 1711 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician and writer (d. 1778)
• 1746 – Infanta Benedita of Portugal (d. 1829)
• 1750 – Henry Knox, American general (d. 1806)
• 1753 – Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, 10th Spanish Viceroy of River Plate (d. 1810)
• 1775 – Anna Harrison, shortest–serving First Lady of the United States (d. 1864)
• 1797 – Princess Augusta of Hesse–Kassel (d. 1889)
• 1799 – David Douglas, botanist, plant collector, explorer (d. 1834)
• 1839 – Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (d. 1873)
• 1844 – Thomas Eakins, artist (d. 1916)
• 1848 – Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
• 1848 – Ottokar Kernstock, poet (d. 1928)
• 1860 – Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught (d. 1917)
• 1867 – Max Dauthendey, German writer (d. 1918)
• 1870 – Maxfield Parrish, illustrator (d. 1966)
• 1876 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium (d. 1965)
• 1878 – Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and specialist in religious studies (d. 1949)
• 1882 – George S. Rentz, American captain (d. 1942)
• 1883 – Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (d. 1947)
• 1884 – Martin L. Davey, 53rd Governor of Ohio (d. 1946)
• 1884 – Davidson Black, anthropologist (d. 1934)
• 1886 – Bror von Blixen–Finecke, Swedish big–game hunter (d. 1946)
• 1886 – Hans von Blixen–Finecke, Swedish horse rider (d. 1917)
• 1894 – Walter Brennan, Academy Award–winning actor (d. 1974)
• 1894 – Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (d. 1918)
• 1895 – Yvonne Printemps, French actress and singer (d. 1977)
• 1896 – Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (d. 1967)

• 1902 – Eric Hoffer, philosopher (d. 1983)
• 1905 – Elias Canetti, Bulgarian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1994)
• 1905 – Masazo Nonaka, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2019)
• 1906 – Johnny Hodges, saxophonist (d. 1970)
• 1907 – Karl Höller, composer (d. 1987)
• 1908 – Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
• 1915 – Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., older brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944)
• 1917 – Fritz Honegger, Swiss politician (d. 1999)
• 1918 – Nan Grey, American actress (d. 1993)
• 1920 – Rosalind Franklin, British scientist (d. 1958)
• 1921 – Paul Watzlawick, American psychologist (d. 2007)
• 1921 – Adolph Herseth, American trumpeter (d. 2013)
• 1923 – Maria Gripe, Swedish writer (d. 2007)
• 1923 – Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
• 1924 – Frank Church, American politician (d. 1984)
• 1925 – Richard Kadison, American mathematician (d. 2018)
• 1926 – Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)
• 1927 – Jimmy Binning, Scottish footballer
• 1927 – Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2003)
• 1927 – Sadiq Hussein Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (d. 2000)
• 1929 – Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician (d. 2018)
• 1929 – Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1995)
• 1929 – Manuel Olivencia, Spanish lawyer and economist (d. 2018)
• 1930 – Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010)
• 1930 – Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (d. 2015)
• 1932 – Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (d. 2016)
• 1933 – Jukka Virtanen, Finnish television presenter, film director, screenwriter and songwriter (d. 2019)
• 1934 – Don Ellis, American trumpeter and composer (d. 1978)
• 1934 – Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter
• 1935 – Barbara Harris, American actress (d. 2018)
• 1935 – Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi businessman (d. 2017)
• 1935 – Gilbert Parent, Canadian politician
• 1935 – Lars Werner, Swedish politician (d. 2013)
• 1937 – Colin Renfrew, archeology professor
• 1941 – Marco Lucioni, Italian painter
• 1941 – Raul Ruiz, Chilean movie director (d. 2011)
• 1941 – Emmett Till, American teenager, murder victim (d. 1955)
• 1941 – Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (d. 2016)
• 1941 – Manny Charlton, Spanish–Scottish guitarist
• 1943 – Erika Steinbach, German politician
• 1943 – Jim McCarty, English singer and musician
• 1946 – Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor
• 1946 – Rita Marley, Jamaican–Cuban singer
• 1947 – Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Argentine politician and former President
• 1948 – Peggy Fleming, American figure skater

• 1951 – Verdine White, American bass player and producer (Earth, Wind & Fire)
• 1953 – Robert Zoellick, former World Bank President
• 1954 – Paul Hegarty, Scottish footballer and manager
• 1954 – Jürgen Trittin, German politician
• 1954 – Walter Payton, American football player (d. 1999)
• 1954 – Sheena McDonald, Scottish broadcaster
• 1955 – Iman Abdulmajid, Somali–born model
• 1957 – Mark Hunter, English politician
• 1958 – Thurston Moore, American musician (Sonic Youth)
• 1958 – Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist
• 1959 – Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer (d. 2014)
• 1959 – Anatoly Onoprienko, Ukrainian serial killer (d. 2013)
• 1960 – Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player
• 1963 – Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal
• 1963 – Julian Hodgson, Welsh–English chess player
• 1964 – Anne Applebaum, American writer and journalist
• 1964 – Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, former President of Somalia
• 1965 – Marty Brown, American singer–songwriter and guitarist
• 1965 – Ileana Douglas, American actress, director, screenwriter and producer
• 1967 – Magdalena Forsberg, Swedish biathlete
• 1967 – Matt LeBlanc, American actor
• 1967 – Chuck Paugh, American record company owner
• 1969 – Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland
• 1970 – Ernesto Alterio, Argentine–Spanish actor
• 1970 – Eric Jacobson, American puppeteer
• 1973 – Hu Jia, Chinese activist
• 1973 – Dani Davey, American singer
• 1973 – Kevin Phillips, English footballer
• 1975 – Jean–Claude Darcheville, French footballer
• 1975 – Jody Craddock, English footballer

• 1976 – Tera Patrick, American pornographic actress
• 1977 – Kenny Thomas, American basketball player
• 1978 – Louise Brown, first baby conceived through IVF
• 1978 – Gerard Warren, American football player
• 1979 – Amy Adams, American singer, American Idol 3 contestant
• 1979 – Ali Carter, English snooker player
• 1979 – Ariane Hingst, German footballer
• 1979 – Stefanie Hertel, German yodeler
• 1980 – Cha Du–Ri, South Korean footballer
• 1981 – Yuichi Komano, Japanese footballer
• 1982 – Brad Renfro, American actor (d. 2008)
• 1983 – Nenad Krstic, Serbian basketball player
• 1985 – Nelson Piquet, Jr., Brazilian racing driver
• 1985 – James Lafferty, American actor
• 1985 – Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer
• 1986 – Hulk, Brazilian footballer
• 1986 – Barbara Meier, German model
• 1986 – Robert Dietrich, German ice hockey player (d. 2011)
• 1987 – Michael Welch, American actor
• 1988 – Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
• 1988 – Paulinho, Brazilian footballer
• 1988 – Heather Marks, Canadian model
• 1990 – Wakaso Mubarak, Ghanaian footballer
• 1991 – Toni Duggan, English footballer
• 2000 – Preston Bailey, American actor
• 2000 – Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (d. 2018)

• 306 – Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (b. 250)
• 1034 – Constance of Arles, Queen of France (b. 986)
• 1195 – Herrad of Landsberg, German abbess and writer
• 1409 – King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
• 1471 – Thomas a Kempis, choir master and mystic (b. 1380)
• 1492 – Pope Innocent VIII (b. 1432)
• 1564 – Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1503)
• 1572 – Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (b. 1534)
• 1608 – Pomporio Nenna, Italian composer (b. 1556)
• 1790 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German theologian, writer and philanthropist (b. 1724)
• 1790 – William Livingston, American politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (b. 1723)
• 1794 – André Chénier, Greek–French poet (b. 1762)
• 1794 – Jean–Antoine Roucher, French poet (b. 1745)
• 1794 – Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian aristocrat and adventurer (b. 1726)
• 1826 – Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (b. 1795)
• 1831 – Maria Agati Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (b. 1789)
• 1834 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet (b. 1772)
• 1843 – Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor (b. 1766)
• 1846 – Louis Bonaparte, King of the Netherlands (b. 1778)
• 1861 – Jonas Furrer, Swiss politician (b. 1805)
• 1863 – El Pipila, Mexican national hero (b. 1782)
• 1866 – Floride Calhoun, 4th Second Lady of the United States (b. 1792)
• 1887 – Henry Mayhew, English writer and journalist (b. 1812)
• 1899 – Niklaus Riggenbach, Swiss engineer (b. 1817)

• 1934 – Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)
• 1934 – Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (b. 1888)
• 1938 – Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1853)
• 1942 – Fred Englehart, American triple jumper (b. 1879)
• 1945 – Malin Craig, American general (b. 1875)
• 1945 – Kurt Gerstein, German military officer (b. 1905)
• 1962 – Nelle Wilson Reagan, mother of Ronald Reagan (b. 1883)
• 1963 – Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist (b. 1877)
• 1969 – Otto Dix, German artist (b. 1891)
• 1973 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882)
• 1976 – John C. Slater, American physicist and chemist (b. 1900)
• 1980 – Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer–songwriter (b. 1938)
• 1983 – Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (b. 1916)
• 1984 – Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926)
• 1986 – Vincente Minnelli, American movie director (b. 1903)
• 1988 – Judith Barsi, American child actress (b. 1978)
• 1991 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (b. 1893)
• 1992 – Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (b. 1914)
• 1993 – Nan Grey, American actress (b. 1918)
• 1995 – Charlie Rich, American singer and musician (b. 1932)
• 1996 – Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (b. 1914)
• 1997 – Ben Hogan, American golfer (b. 1912)
• 2000 – Rudi Fassnacht, German football manager (b. 1934)

• 2002 – Abdur Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (b. 1917)
• 2002 – Johannes Joachim Degenhardt, German cardinal (b. 1926)
• 2003 – Erik Brann, American singer and guitarist (Iron Butterfly) (b. 1950)
• 2003 – John Schlesinger, English–American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1926)
• 2005 – Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (b. 1928)
• 2007 – Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer (b. 1952)
• 2008 – Randy Pausch, American professor of Computer Science (b. 1960)
• 2009 – Harry Patch, British supercentenarian and World War I veteran (b. 1898)
• 2011 – Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot movie director and producer (b. 1922)
• 2011 – Jeret Peterson, American skier (b. 1981)
• 2013 – Mohamed Brahmi, Tunisian political activist (b. 1955)
• 2013 – Bernadette Lafont, French actress (b. 1938)
• 2013 – Walter De Maria, American sculptor (b. 1935)
• 2014 – Bel Kaufman, German–born American teacher and writer (b. 1911)
• 2014 – Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (b. 1924)
• 2015 – R. S. Gavai, Indian politician, Governor of Bihar and Kerala (b. 1929)
• 2016 – Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and writer (b. 1926)
• 2016 – Halil Inalcik, Turkish historian (b. 1916)
• 2016 – Jerzy Bahr, Polish diplomat (b. 1944)
• 2016 – Artur Correia, Portuguese footballer (b. 1950)
• 2016 – Bülent Eken, Turkish footballer (b. 1923)
• 2016 – Arundhati Ghose, Indian diplomat (b. 1939)
• 2016 – Tom Peterson, American television personality (b. 1930)
• 2017 – Gretel Bergmann, German–American high jumper (b. 1914)
• 2017 – Michael Johnson, American singer–songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
• 2017 – Barbara Sinatra, American fashion model (b. 1927)
• 2017 – Billy Joe Walker Jr., American musician, record producer and songwriter (b. 1952)
• 2017 – Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, Australian musician (b. 1971)
• 2017 – Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (b. 1944)
• 2018 – Vakhtang Balavadze, Georgian freestyle wrestler (b. 1927)
• 2018 – Sergio Marchionne, Italian executive (b. 1952)
• 2018 – Guy Molinari, American politician (b. 1928)
• 2018 – György Szepesi, Hungarian radio presenter, journalist and sports executive (b. 1922)
• 2018 – Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (b. 2000)
• 2019 – Beji Caid Essebsi, President of Tunisia (b. 1926)
• 2019 – Jesper Juul, Danish writer and therapist (b. 1948)
• 2019 – Jorma Kinnunen, Finnish javelin thrower (b. 1941)
• 2019 – Pierre Péan, French journalist and writer (b. 1938)

• Feast of Saint James (Christianity)
• National Day of Galicia, Spain
• Republic Day (Tunisia)
• Commonwealth Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)