The US FDA’s proposed rule on laboratory-developed tests: Impacts on clinical laboratory testing

Chromium is a chemical element. Its symbol on the periodic table (a list of all the elements) is Cr. It always has 24 protons, so its atomic number is 24. Its mass number (number of protons and neutrons) is about 54. Most of the times it has 28 neutrons, but different isotopes have more or fewer neutrons. As a metal, it has 24 electrons. Its ions have fewer electrons.

Chromium is a shiny metal. It is reactive, but it reacts with air to produce a very thin coating of chromium(III) oxide, which prevents it from rusting any more.

Chromium occurs in several oxidation states; +2, +3, and +6 are most common. It forms chemical compounds that are colorful.

• Chromium(II) oxide, black, rare, reducing agent
• Chromium(II) chloride, blue when dissolved in water, unstable
• Chromium(III) oxide, dark green
• Chromium(III) chloride, green when containing water (hydrated), purple when not containing water (anhydrous)
• Chromium(III) sulfate
• Chromium(IV) oxide, black, used in cassettes
• Chromium(VI) oxide, chromium trioxide, red, oxidizing agent, toxic. Chromic acid is formed by dissolving chromium(VI) oxide in water.
• Chromyl chloride, red liquid
• Chrome alum

There are two main types of chromium ions, which are found in chromium compounds. One type of chromium ion (Cr³⁺, trivalent chromium ) is required by our body and by those of other animals. If we do not get enough chromium, certain parts of our body may not work properly. We get most of the chromium we need from our food we eat. Chromium is also put into vitamins to make sure that we get enough. If we get too much of this type of chromium, it can harm our body.

Another type of chromium (Cr⁶⁺ (chromate, hexavalent chromium), in the +6 oxidation state) can cause cancer or make people sick, even though most people do not get exposed to it much. It is found in places that make chromium metal, which is why they need to be cleaned up when they close. Hexavalent chromium can be destroyed by reacting it with reducing agents, turning it into Cr³⁺ (trivalent chromium). They are strong oxidizing agents.

Chromates

The chromate ion is CrO₄^2-. Chromates are generally yellow.

• Potassium chromate
• Sodium chromate

Dichromates

The dichromate ion is Cr₂O₇^2-. Dichromates are red or orange.

• Ammonium dichromate
• Potassium dichromate
• Sodium dichromate, used in chromium processing

Chromium occurs as chromite. Chromite is a mixture of iron(II) oxide and chromium(III) oxide. Its chemical formula is FeCr₂O₄. It is heated with sodium carbonate to make sodium chromate, iron(III) oxide, and carbon dioxide. The sodium chromate is reacted with sulfuric acid to produce sodium dichromate. The sodium dichromate is reduced by carbon to chromium(III) oxide. The chromium(III) oxide is reacted with aluminum to make chromium metal. The chromates and dichromates are what make chromium production areas toxic.

Chromium is used in different metal products. Stainless steel is the most common use. It is also used in "chrome plating", where it makes things shiny and stops corrosion. Some chromates were used as pigments, but they are toxic so people do not want to use them anymore.

Chromium metal is nontoxic. But hexavalent chromium is toxic and carcinogenic, and trivalent chromium is mildly toxic in large quantities.

• Chromium compounds