Secure record linkage of large health data sets: Evaluation of a hybrid cloud model

Superman & Lois
Genre	Action-adventure Drama Superhero
Based on	Characters appearing in DC Comics
Developed by	Greg Berlanti Todd Helbing
Showrunner	Todd Helbing
Starring	Tyler Hoechlin Elizabeth Tulloch Jordan Elsass Alex Garfin Erik Valdez Inde Navarrette Wolé Parks Adam Rayner Dylan Walsh Emmanuelle Chriqui Tayler Buck Sofia Hasmik Michael Bishop Chad L. Coleman Michael Cudlitz
Music by	Dan Romer
Country of origin	United States
Original language	English
No. of seasons	4
No. of episodes	53 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producers	David Madden Geoff Johns Kristi Korzec Sarah Schechter Lee Toland Krieger Todd Helbing Greg Berlanti Brent Fletcher Gregory Smith
Producers	Karyn Smith-Forge Carl Ogawa Jennifer Lence Nadria Tucker Louis Shaw Milito Stephen Judge Ian Samoil
Production locations	Vancouver, British Columbia
Cinematography	Gavin Struthers Stephen Maier Gordon Verheul Mark Cohen
Editors	Harry Jierjian David Holland Becca Berry Brian G. Addie Ray McCoy Isabel Yanes
Camera setup	Single-camera
Running time	40–45 minutes 63 minutes (pilot)
Production companies	Berlanti Productions DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Television
Original release
Network	The CW
Release	February 23, 2021 (2021-02-23) – December 2, 2024 (2024-12-02)

Superman & Lois is an American superhero drama television series developed for The CW by Todd Helbing and Greg Berlanti, based on the DC Comics characters Superman and Lois Lane, created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. Tyler Hoechlin and Elizabeth Tulloch star as the title characters Clark Kent / Superman and Lois Lane, respectively. Jordan Elsass and Alex Garfin portray the couple's twin sons Jonathan and Jordan Kent, with Michael Bishop replacing the former in the third season. The series also stars Erik Valdez, Inde Navarrette, Wolé Parks, Adam Rayner, Dylan Walsh, Emmanuelle Chriqui, Tayler Buck, Sofia Hasmik, Chad L. Coleman, and Michael Cudlitz.

The series was intended to be part of the Arrowverse's Earth-Prime in its first season, developed as a spin-off of Supergirl, with Hoechlin and Tulloch respectively reprising their roles from Supergirl and The Flash (and the conclusion of the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" crossover event serving as a backdoor pilot), but as the series went on, following the cancellation of planned crossovers with Supergirl and Batwoman due to the COVID-19 pandemic, showrunner Todd Helbing and Warner Bros. decided to keep the show separate, with the series instead set in its own separate continuity taking place on a different Earth to the Arrowverse's Earth-Prime, which was confirmed in the second season finale.

Superman & Lois was announced as a pilot in October 2019 and was ordered to series in January 2020. The series aired on The CW for four seasons, from February 23, 2021 to December 2, 2024.

In the first season, Clark Kent / Superman and Lois Lane return to Smallville with their sons Jonathan and Jordan, where they are reacquainted with Lana Lang, her husband Kyle Cushing, and their daughter Sarah. Their idyllic lives are upended by the Stranger's entrance, as well as by the secret experiments of Morgan Edge.^[1]

In the second season, Superman's painful visions lead him to an encounter with Bizarro while also butting heads with Lt. General Mitch Anderson. Meanwhile, Lois deals with the Inverse Method cult led by Ally Allston, who swayed Lucy Lane to her side and has made an enemy of Bizarro for her supposed conquering of his world.

The third season has Superman contending with the plots of Intergang, as Lois Lane suffers from stage three inflammatory breast cancer. Following the death of Peia Mannheim and the surrender of Bruno Mannheim, Lex Luthor is released from prison when the Mannheim's frame-up of him killing Boss Moxie is exposed. He proceeds to plan his revenge on Superman and Lois Lane that involves a resurrected Bizarro.

The fourth and final season has Superman continuing his fight with the mutated Bizarro, known as Doomsday, as Lex Luthor begins his next plot that involves setting up a new base where the Manning Farm is. Things go worse for the Kent family when Doomsday gives Superman's heart to Lex Luthor as he ordered.

Tyler Hoechlin and Elizabeth Tulloch

• Tyler Hoechlin as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman: a superhero from Krypton and husband of Lois who defends Earth.^[2] Dylan Kingwell portrays a teenage Clark in season one, Josh Zaharia portrays a teenage Clark in season two, Lennix James portrays a four-year-old Clark, Thomas Hoeving portrays Clark in his childhood, and Parker Cousineau portrays Clark in grade school.
• Elizabeth Tulloch as Lois Lane: a world-renowned journalist and wife of Clark.^[2]
• Jordan Elsass (seasons 1–2) and Michael Bishop (seasons 3–4) as Jonathan Kent: the modest, kind-hearted and athletic son of Clark and Lois who, unlike Jordan, initially did not inherit any Kryptonian superpowers. He is named after Clark's adoptive father, Jonathan Kent.^[3] Elsass departed the series prior to the third season due to personal issues, and the role was recast to Bishop.^[4][5] Brady Droulis portrays a seven-year-old Jonathan Kent.
• Alex Garfin as Jordan Kent: the introspective son of Clark and Lois, who is an outcast with social anxiety.^[3] Unlike Jonathan, Jordan has inherited their father's powers, though early in season 1 his abilities only appear in "small bursts" but he manifests more powers and in season 2 he has grown powerful enough to fight Tal-Rho for a brief time. He is named after Clark's biological father, Jor-El. Dawson Littman portrays a seven-year-old Jordan Kent.
• Erik Valdez as Kyle Cushing (né Cortez): Ex-husband of Lana Lang and Smallville's fire chief. Callous, abrasive, and a former alcoholic. A man always looking to do the right thing for the people he cares for, however, Cushing carries a chip on his shoulder about living in a small town.^[6]
• Inde Navarrette as Sarah Cortez:^[7] Kyle and Lana's "wild child" daughter who befriends the Kent boys and serves as Jordan's love interest.^[8] In the season 2 episode "Girl... You'll Be A Woman, Soon" she celebrates her quinceañera and changes her name to Cortez, which was her family's name before they changed it.^[9]
• Wolé Parks as John Henry Irons: A soldier and talented engineer from an unidentified parallel Earth who is hellbent on proving to the world that it no longer needs Superman. He eventually accepts Superman as the savior of Earth and teams up with him to protect people from Morgan Edge.^[10]
• Adam Rayner as Tal-Rho / Morgan Edge / Eradicator (season 1; special guest season 2): "an intelligent, eloquent, and impassioned self-made mogul whose innate ability to motivate is the means to his success and others' demise."^[11] He is later revealed to be Kal-El's half-brother known as Tal-Rho through Kal's mother Lara Lor-Van and Zeta-Rho with plans to restore the Kryptonian race.^[12] Jack Rehbein and Ben Cockell portray a 10-year-old Tal-Rho and a 19-year-old Tal-Rho, respectively.
• Dylan Walsh as Sam Lane: father of Lois and grandfather of Jonathan and Jordan, a no-nonsense, workaholic army general who is determined to keep America and the world safe from all threats.^[13]
• Emmanuelle Chriqui as Lana Lang:^[14] an old friend of Clark Kent and the former loan officer at Smallville Bank. In season two, she becomes the new mayor of Smallville.^[15] Milano Hryshchenko portrays a childhood Lana, Sara Rizk portrays a grade school Lana, and Emma Newton portrays a teenage Lana.
• Tayler Buck as Natalie Lane Irons (seasons 2–4;^[16] guest season 1): John Henry Irons's daughter from his Earth with an alternate version of Lois Lane.
• Sofia Hasmik as Chrissy Beppo (seasons 2–4;^[17] recurring season 1): a "go-getter" journalist at the Smallville Gazette who has a "chance encounter" that changes her life.^[18]
• Chad L. Coleman as Bruno Mannheim (seasons 3–4): the leader of Intergang, the widower of the late Peia Mannheim and the father of Matteo Mannheim.^[19]
• Michael Cudlitz as Lex Luthor (season 4^[a]; guest season 3):^[20] a business mogul who seeks revenge on Lois Lane and her family.

The series was announced in October 2019 with Todd Helbing, Greg Berlanti, Sarah Schechter and Geoff Johns executive producing, and Helbing penning the script.^[2] On January 14, 2020, The CW officially ordered Superman & Lois to series.^[76] The first season consisted of 15 episodes.^[77] The series Everwood and Friday Night Lights served as inspirations for the show, given they were also family dramas. Helbing explained many aspects of Superman & Lois were approached as if it were a feature film, such as the aspect ratio, cinematography, and production design, saying "We are competing with shows on cable and streamers...we wanted to be able to do that and offer audiences something of equal quality".^[1] In March 2021, The CW renewed the series for a second season which premiered on January 11, 2022.^[78] In March 2022, it renewed the series for a third season.^[79]

In January 2023, DC Studios CEOs James Gunn and Peter Safran said they expected the show to continue for "one to two more seasons".^[80] Brad Schwartz, President of Entertainment at The CW, stated in May 2023 that the business model of the show was no longer feasible for the network due to the show being expensive to produce, adding that it did not directly generate any profits and The CW did not have the rights to previous seasons.^[81] In June 2023, The CW renewed the series for a fourth season consisting of ten episodes. Under the renewal agreement, the series will reduce the number of its regular cast members and writers, in addition to reducing action scenes and gearing more towards a family-focused drama, in an effort to reduce production costs.^[82] Production was however delayed due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America and SAG-AFTRA strikes.^[83] On November 2, 2023, it was announced that the fourth season would be the series' last.^[82] Schwartz stated in an interview that the decision to end the show was made by Warner Bros. Discovery to avoid competition with the upcoming DC Universe (DCU) film Superman (2025).^[84]

Tyler Hoechlin and Elizabeth Tulloch were signed on to reprise their roles as Clark Kent and Lois Lane from Supergirl.^[2] In February 2020, Jordan Elsass and Alexander Garfin were cast as Clark and Lois' sons Jonathan Kent and Jordan Kent, respectively.^[3] In April, Dylan Walsh was cast as Samuel Lane. Walsh replaces Glenn Morshower, who previously recurred in the role on Supergirl.^[13] Emmanuelle Chriqui was also cast as Lana Lang,^[15] along with Erik Valdez as Kyle Cushing.^[6] The next month, Wolé Parks was cast as "The Stranger" while Inde Navarrette was cast as Sarah Cushing.^[10][8] Additionally, Adam Rayner portrays Morgan Edge, who was previously portrayed by Adrian Pasdar in Supergirl.^[11]

In October 2020, Sofia Hasmik and Stacey Farber were cast in the recurring roles of Chrissy Beppo and Leslie Larr, respectively.^[18][85] In December 2020, David Ramsey was revealed to be reprising his Arrow role of John Diggle in addition to directing at least one episode in the series.^[86] In June 2021, Hasmik was promoted to a series regular for the second season.^[17] In August 2021, Tayler Buck, who guest starred in the first season, was promoted to a series regular for the second season.^[16] In October 2021, Ian Bohen was cast in a recurring role as Lt. Mitch Anderson for the second season.^[87] Jenna Dewan, who previously played Lucy Lane on Supergirl reprised her role in the second season.^[88]

In August 2022, Elsass departed the series ahead of the third season for personal reasons.^[4] The following month, his role was recast to Michael Bishop^[5] and Chad L. Coleman was cast as Bruno Mannheim.^[19] Lex Luthor appears in the show where he is now portrayed by Michael Cudlitz instead of a reprisal from Jon Cryer, who played his doppelgänger on Earth-Prime.^[89]

Seven of the twelve cast members were cut as series regulars following the renewal of the show for the fourth and final season. These included Dylan Walsh, Emmanuelle Chriqui, Erik Valdez, Inde Navarrette, Wolé Parks, Tayler Buck and Sofia Hasmik. Michael Cudlitz joins as a main cast member following his guest appearances in the previous season,^[20] receiving "special appearance by" credit.^{[citation needed]} Navarrette confirmed in July 2023 that she would return as a guest star for at least three episodes.^[7] Ultimately, each member of the supporting cast that appeared in the previous season reprised their role and retained main cast billing for the episodes that they appeared in.

Production on the pilot was expected to begin on March 23, 2020, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and conclude on May 14.^[90] However, on March 13, 2020, plans to shoot a pilot were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to either June or July of that year.^[91][92] In late July 2020, Warner Bros. Television planned for the Vancouver-based production to restart in late August.^[93] Filming of season 1 began on October 21, 2020, and concluded on July 2, 2021.^[94][95][96] The series is filmed on location in Surrey, British Columbia.^[97][98] The second season began filming on September 15, 2021, and concluded on May 5, 2022.^[99][100] Filming of the third season began on September 6, 2022^[101] in Vancouver, and concluded on March 14, 2023.^[102] Filming for the fourth season began on January 11, 2024 and concluded on April 24, 2024 with Hoechlin receiving a supportive letter from upcoming Superman actor David Corenswet as production wrapped up.^{[103][104][105][106][107]} The cast and crew held a wrap party on April 25, 2024 to celebrate the conclusion of four seasons of filming.^[108]

In November 2020, series writer Nadria Tucker announced she was fired from the show, claiming it was for "pushing back on racist and sexist storylines." She also claimed she worked on all 15 episodes of the first season, but was only paid for 13 of them.^{[109][110][111]} In a statement, WBTV claimed that "Warner Bros. Television did not exercise its option to extend her [contract] for additional episodes" and that "WBTV was transparent and told her why it was not picking up her option."^[112]

Speaking of the lack of greater Arrowverse connections in the first season, showrunner Todd Helbing felt that there was "this weird set of circumstances where, because of production or timing or COVID, everything in the show that was related to the Arrowverse has gotten pulled out". He added that, as development progressed further away from the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" crossover, "it felt like we were opening a can of worms every time we had to explain the connection", though he was hopeful more connections or proper crossovers could occur in the second season.^[113]

Though the multiverse, Oliver Queen and the Arrowverse's version of the League^[b] were mentioned in the first season, the second season finale establishes that the series takes place adjacent to Earth-Prime, with different iterations of the characters compared to their Earth-Prime counterparts and a different continuity. Helbing later revealed that the show's setting was separate from Earth-Prime, a decision he and DC Entertainment made. He further added that the Superman, Lois Lane, Lucy Lane and John Diggle in the series are doppelgangers of the ones on Earth-Prime.^[114]

Superman & Lois premiered on The CW on February 23, 2021.^[115] After a delay in production caused by COVID-19, the series went on hiatus after the fifth episode, during which the sixth season of Supergirl took over the series' timeslot.^[116] The second season premiered on January 11, 2022.^[117][118] The third season premiered on March 14, 2023.^[119] The fourth and final season premiered on October 7, 2024.^[120][121]

CTV Sci-Fi Channel airs the series in Canada.^[122] The BBC acquired the UK broadcast rights to the show. The series premiered on BBC One on December 4, 2021, and was made available to stream on BBC iPlayer.^[123]

Beginning March 5, 2021, extended versions of episodes of Superman & Lois started streaming on The CW's app and website a day after the release of an episode.^[124] The entire first season became available on HBO Max on September 17, 2021.^[125] The second season was made available on July 29, 2022.^[126] The third season was released on the rebranded Max streaming service on July 28, 2023.^[127]

Season one of the series was released on Blu-ray and DVD in the US on October 19, 2021.^[128] Season two was released on September 27, 2022.^[129] The third season was released on June 11, 2024.^[130] The fourth season as well as the complete series will be released on home media on April 1, 2025.^[131]

On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 88%.^[132] The website's critical consensus reads "Though it may be a bit too grounded for some viewers, Superman & Lois draws strength from unexpected places – without skimping on the action – to carve its own path in a crowded superhero universe." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 based on 16 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".^[133]

DC Comics published Earth-Prime, a six-issue comic event set entirely in the universe of DC's superhero shows. Each of the first five issues spotlight a different CW/DC superhero series, with the sixth issue serving as a crossover finale. The comic series is considered part of the superhero television shows' canon. Earth-Prime #2 features Superman & Lois, written by Adam Mallinger, Jai Jamison and Andrew Wong with art by Tom Grummett and Norm Rapmund and was released on April 19, 2022. The comic includes Clark and Lois trying to celebrate their first wedding anniversary, Clark remembering his father Jonathan on Father's Day, and the origin story of the Superman from John Henry Irons's unnamed Earth. By the sixth issue, the Superman from Irons' unnamed Earth was used by Magog to help attack Earth-Prime's heroes while Earth-Prime's Superman was seen in the final story with the Justice League.^[143]

• Superman & Lois at IMDb 
• Superman & Lois at DC Comics