Secure record linkage of large health data sets: Evaluation of a hybrid cloud model
In computational neuroscience, SUPS (for Synaptic Updates Per Second) or formerly CUPS (Connections Updates Per Second) is a measure of a neuronal network performance, useful in fields of neuroscience, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and computer science.
Computing
For a processor or computer designed to simulate a neural network SUPS is measured as the product of simulated neurons and average connectivity (synapses) per neuron per second:
Depending on the type of simulation it is usually equal to the total number of synapses simulated.
In an "asynchronous" dynamic simulation if a neuron spikes at Hz, the average rate of synaptic updates provoked by the activity of that neuron is . In a synchronous simulation with step the number of synaptic updates per second would be . As has to be chosen much smaller than the average interval between two successive afferent spikes, which implies , giving an average of synaptic updates equal to . Therefore, spike-driven synaptic dynamics leads to a linear scaling of computational complexity O(N) per neuron, compared with the O(N2) in the "synchronous" case.[1]
Records
Developed in the 1980s Adaptive Solutions' CNAPS-1064 Digital Parallel Processor chip is a full neural network (NNW). It was designed as a coprocessor to a host and has 64 sub-processors arranged in a 1D array and operating in a SIMD mode. Each sub-processor can emulate one or more neurons and multiple chips can be grouped together. At 25 MHz it is capable of 1.28 GMAC.[2]
After the presentation of the RN-100 (12 MHz) single neuron chip at Seattle 1991 Ricoh developed the multi-neuron chip RN-200. It had 16 neurons and 16 synapses per neuron. The chip has on-chip learning ability using a proprietary backdrop algorithm. It came in a 257-pin PGA encapsulation and drew 3.0 W at a maximum. It was capable of 3 GCPS (1 GCPS at 32 MHz). [3]
In 1991–97, Siemens developed the MA-16 chip, SYNAPSE-1 and SYNAPSE-3 Neurocomputer. The MA-16 was a fast matrix-matrix multiplier that can be combined to form systolic arrays. It could process 4 patterns of 16 elements each (16-bit), with 16 neuron values (16-bit) at a rate of 800 MMAC or 400 MCPS at 50 MHz. The SYNAPSE3-PC PCI card contained 2 MA-16 with a peak performance of 2560 MOPS (1.28 GMAC); 7160 MOPS (3.58 GMAC) when using three boards.[4]
In 2013, the K computer was used to simulate a neural network of 1.73 billion neurons with a total of 10.4 trillion synapses (1% of the human brain). The simulation ran for 40 minutes to simulate 1 s of brain activity at a normal activity level (4.4 on average). The simulation required 1 Petabyte of storage.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Maurizio Mattia; Paolo Del Giudice (1998). "Asynchronous simulation of large networks of spiking neurons and dynamical synapses". Icann 98. Perspectives in Neural Computing. pp. 1045–1050. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.56.272. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1599-1_164. ISBN 978-3-540-76263-8.
- ^ Real-Time Computing: Implications for General Microprocessors Chip Weems, Steve Dropsho
- ^ L. Almeida; Luis B. Almeida; S. Boverie (2003). Intelligent Components and Instruments For Control Applications 2003 (SICICA 2003). Elsevier. ISBN 9780080440101.
- ^ Neural Network Hardware Clark S. Lindsey, Bruce Denby, Thomas Lindblad, 1998
- ^ Fujitsu supercomputer simulates 1 second of brain activity Tim Hornyak, CNET, August 5, 2013
