Secure record linkage of large health data sets: Evaluation of a hybrid cloud model

Montserrat
British Overseas Territory
Flag Coat of arms
Motto:  "A people of excellence, moulded by nature, nurtured by God"
Anthem: "God Save the King"
National song: "Motherland"
Location of Montserrat (circled in red)
Topographic map of Montserrat showing the "exclusion zone" due to volcanic activity, and the new airport in the north. The roads and settlements in the exclusion zone have mostly been destroyed.
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
English settlement	1632
Treaty of Paris	3 September 1783
Federation	3 January 1958
Separate colony	31 May 1962
Capital	Plymouth (de jure)[a] Brades (de facto)[b] Little Bay (under construction) 16°45′N 62°12′W / 16.750°N 62.200°W / 16.750; -62.200
Largest city	Brades
Official languages	English
Demonym(s)	Montserratian
Government	Parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy
• Monarch	Charles III
• Governor	Sarah Tucker[1]
• Premier	Reuben Meade
Legislature	Legislative Assembly
Government of the United Kingdom
• Minister	Stephen Doughty
Area
• Total	102 km2 (39 sq mi)
• Water (%)	negligible
Highest elevation	1,050 m (3,440 ft)
Population
• 2022 estimate	4,390[2] (194th)
• 2018 census	4,649[3] (intercensal count)
• Density	46/km2 (119.1/sq mi) (not ranked)
GDP (PPP)	2014 estimate
• Total	US$63 million[4]
• Per capita	US$12,384
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
• Total	US$181,680,000[5]
Currency	East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Time zone	UTC-4:00 (AST)
Driving side	Left
ISO 3166 code	MS
Internet TLD	.ms
Website	https://www.gov.ms/

Montserrat (/ˌmɒntsəˈræt/ MONT-sə-RAT) is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is part of the Leeward Islands, the northern portion of the Lesser Antilles chain of the West Indies. Montserrat is about 16 km (10 mi) long and 11 km (7 mi) wide, with roughly 40 km (25 mi) of coastline.^[6] It is nicknamed "The Emerald Isle of the Caribbean" both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish ancestry of many of its inhabitants.^[7][8] Montserrat is the only non-fully sovereign full member of the Caribbean Community and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, though it is far from being the only dependency in the Caribbean overall.

On 18 July 1995, the previously dormant Soufrière Hills volcano in the southern end of the island became active and its eruptions destroyed Plymouth, Montserrat's Georgian era capital city situated on the west coast. Between 1995 and 2000, two-thirds of the island's population was forced to flee, mostly to the United Kingdom, leaving fewer than 1,200 people on the island in 1997. (The population had increased to nearly 5,000 by 2016).^[9][10] The volcanic activity continues, mostly affecting the vicinity of Plymouth, including its docks, and the eastern side of the island around the former W. H. Bramble Airport, the remnants of which were buried by flows from further volcanic activity on 11 February 2010.

An exclusion zone was imposed, encompassing the southern part of the island as far north as parts of the Belham Valley, because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting possibility of pyroclastic activity. Visitors are generally not permitted to enter the exclusion zone, but a view of destroyed Plymouth can be seen from the top of Garibaldi Hill in Isles Bay. The volcano has been relatively quiet since early 2010 and continues to be closely monitored by the Montserrat Volcano Observatory.^[11][12]

In 2015, it was announced that planning would begin on a new town and port at Little Bay on the northwest coast of the island, and the centre of government and businesses was moved temporarily to Brades.^[13] After a number of delays, including Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017^[14] and the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in early 2020,^[15] the Little Bay Port Development Project, a £28 million project funded by the UK and the Caribbean Development Bank, began in June 2022.

In 1493, Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Montserrate, after the Virgin of Montserrat of the Monastery of Montserrat near Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain.^[16] Montserrat means "serrated mountain" in Catalan.

Archaeological field work in 2012 in Montserrat's Centre Hills indicated that there had been an Archaic (pre-Arawak) occupation between 2000 and 500 BCE.^[17] Later coastal sites showed the presence of the Saladoid culture (until 550 CE).^[18] The native Caribs are believed to have called the island Alliouagana, meaning 'Land of the Prickly Bush'.^[19]

In 2016, nine petroglyphs were discovered by local residents hiking in a wooded area near Soldier Ghaut.^[20][21] Another was discovered in 2018 in the same area of the island.^[21] The carvings are believed to be 1000–1500 years old.^[20]

In November 1493, Christopher Columbus passed Montserrat on his second voyage, after being told that the island was unoccupied because of raids by the Caribs.^[22][19]

A number of Irishmen settled in Montserrat in 1632.^[23] Most came from nearby Saint Kitts at the instigation of the island's governor Thomas Warner, with more settlers arriving later from Virginia.^[19] The first settlers "appear to have been cultivators, each working his own little farm".^[24]

The preponderance of Anglo-Irish in the first wave of European settlers led a leading legal scholar to remark that a "nice question" is whether the original settlers took with them the law of the Kingdom of Ireland insofar as it differed from the law of the Kingdom of England.^[25]

The Irish being historical allies of the French, especially in their qualified disdain of the English, invited the French to claim the island in 1666, although no troops were sent by France to maintain control.^[23] The French attacked and briefly occupied the island in the late 1660s;^[26] it was captured shortly afterwards by the English, and English control of the island was confirmed under the Treaty of Breda the following year.^[23] Despite the seizing by force of the island by the French, the island's legal status is that of a "colony acquired by settlement", as the French gave up their claim to the island at Breda.^[23]

A neo-feudal colony developed amongst the so-called "redlegs".^[27] The Anglo-Irish colonists began to transport both Sub-Saharan African slaves and Irish indentured servants for labour, as was common to most Caribbean islands. By the late 18th century, numerous plantations had been developed on the island.

There was a brief French attack on Montserrat in 1712.^[26] On 17 March 1768, a slave rebellion failed but their efforts were remembered.^[28][26] Slavery was abolished in 1834. In 1985, the people of Montserrat made St Patrick's Day a ten-day public holiday to commemorate the uprising.^[29] Festivities celebrate the culture and history of Montserrat in song, dance, food and traditional costumes.^[30]

In 1782, during the American Revolutionary War, as America's first ally, France captured Montserrat in their war of support of the Americans.^[29][26] The French, not intending to colonise the island, agreed to return the island to Great Britain under the 1783 Treaty of Paris.^[31]

In 1834, Britain abolished slavery in Montserrat and its other territories.^[32][29][26]

During the nineteenth century, falling sugar prices had an adverse effect on the island's economy, as Brazil and other nations competed in the trade.^[33][34]

The first lime tree orchards on the island were planted in 1852 by a local planter, Mr Burke.^[35] In 1857, the British philanthropist Joseph Sturge bought a sugar estate to prove that it was economically viable to employ paid labour rather than use slaves.^[19] Numerous members of the Sturge family bought additional land. In 1869, the family established the Montserrat Company Limited and planted Key lime trees; started the commercial production of lime juice, with more than 100,000 gallons produced annually by 1895; set up a school; and sold parcels of land to the inhabitants of the island. The pure lime juice was transported in casks to England, where it was clarified and bottled by Evans, Sons & Co, of Liverpool, with a trade mark on each bottle intended to guarantee quality to the public.^[24]

Much of Montserrat came to be owned by smallholders.^[36][37]

From 1871 to 1958, the island was administered as part of the federal crown colony of the British Leeward Islands, becoming a province of the short-lived West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962.^[38][19] The first Chief Minister of Montserrat was William Henry Bramble of the Montserrat Labour Party from 1960 to 1970; he worked to promote labour rights and boost tourism to the island, and Montserrat's original airport was named in his honour.^[39] Bramble's son, Percival Austin Bramble, was critical of the way tourist facilities were being constructed, and he set up his own party, the Progressive Democratic Party, which won the 1970 Montserratian general election. Percival Bramble served as Chief Minister from 1970 to 1978.^[40] The period 1978 to 1991 was dominated politically by Chief Minister John Osborne and his People's Liberation Movement A brief flirtation with possibly declaring independence never materialised.

On 10 May 1991, the Caribbean Territories (Abolition of Death Penalty for Murder) Order 1991 came into force, formally abolishing the death penalty for murder on Montserrat.^[41]

Corruption allegations within the PLM party resulted in the collapse of the Osborne government in 1991, with Reuben Meade becoming the new chief minister,^[42] and early elections were called.^[42]

In 1995–1999, Montserrat was devastated by catastrophic volcanic eruptions in the Soufrière Hills, which destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, and necessitated the evacuation of a large part of the island. Many Montserratians emigrated abroad, mainly to the United Kingdom, although some have returned. The eruptions rendered the entire southern half of the island uninhabitable, and it is currently designated an Exclusion Zone with restricted access.

Criticism of the Montserratian government's response to the disaster led to the resignation of Chief Minister Bertrand Osborne in 1997 after only a year in office. He was replaced by David Brandt, who remained in office until 2001. Since leaving office, Brandt has been the subject of multiple criminal investigation into alleged sex offences with minors.^[43] He was found guilty of six counts of sexual exploitation and sentenced to fifteen years in July 2021.^[44]

John Osborne returned as Chief Minister following victory in the 2001 election. He was ousted by Lowell Lewis of the Montserrat Democratic Party in 2006. Reuben Meade returned to office in 2009 to 2014.^[45] During his term, the post of Chief Minister was replaced with that of Premier.

In the autumn of 2017, Montserrat was not affected by Hurricane Irma, and sustained only minor damage from Hurricane Maria.^[46]

Since November 2019, Easton Taylor-Farrell of the Movement for Change and Prosperity party has been the island's Premier.

Montserrat is an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom.^[47] The United Nations Committee on Decolonization includes Montserrat on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. The island's head of state is King Charles III, represented by an appointed Governor. Executive power is exercised by the government, whereas the Premier is the head of government. The Premier is appointed by the Governor from among the members of the Legislative Assembly which consists of nine elected members. The leader of the party with a majority of seats is usually the one who is appointed.^[6] Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly also includes two ex officio members, the attorney general and financial secretary.^[6]

The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

For the purposes of local government, Montserrat is divided into three parishes. Going north to south, they are:

• Parish of Saint Peter
• Parish of Saint Georges
• Parish of Saint Anthony

The locations of settlements on the island have been vastly changed since the volcanic activity began. Only the Parish of Saint Peter in the northwest of the island is now inhabited, with a population of between 4,000 and 6,000,^[48][49] the other two parishes being still too dangerous to inhabit.

A significantly more up-to-date administrative division type would be the 3 census regions, primarily used for the population census.^[50] Going north to south, these are:

• Northern Region (2,369 pop.)
• Central Region (1,666 pop.)
• South of Nantes river (887 pop.)

For census purposes, these are further divided into 23 enumeration districts.

Policing is primarily the responsibility of the Royal Montserrat Police Service.

The defence of Montserrat is the responsibility of the United Kingdom. The Royal Navy maintains a ship on permanent station in the Caribbean (HMS Medway)^[51] and from time-to-time may send another Royal Navy or Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship as a part of the Atlantic Patrol (NORTH) tasking. These ships' main mission in the region is to maintain British sovereignty for the overseas territories, provide humanitarian aid and disaster relief during disasters such as hurricanes, which are common in the area, and conduct counter-narcotics operations. In October 2023, the destroyer HMS Dauntless (which had temporarily replaced Medway on her Caribbean tasking), visited the territory in order to assist local authorities in preparing for the climax of the hurricane season.^[52]

The Royal Montserrat Defence Force is the home defence unit of the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. Raised in 1899, the unit is today a reduced force of about forty volunteer soldiers, primarily concerned with civil defence and ceremonial duties. The unit has a historical association with the Irish Guards.

The island is served by landline telephones, fully digitalised, with 3000 subscribers and by mobile cellular, with an estimated number of 5000 handsets in use. An estimated 2860 users have internet access. These are July 2016 estimates. Public radio service is provided by Radio Montserrat. There is a single television broadcaster, PTV.^[53] Cable and satellite television service is available.^[6]

The UK postcode for directing mail to Montserrat is MSR followed by four digits according to the destination town; for example, the postcode for Little Bay is MSR1120.^[54]

The island of Montserrat is located approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Antigua, 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Redonda (a small island owned by Antigua and Barbuda), and 35 miles (56 km) northwest of the French overseas region of Guadeloupe. Beyond Redonda lies the island of Nevis (which is part of the federation of St Kitts and Nevis), about 30 miles (48 km) to the north-west.

Montserrat comprises 104 km² (40 sq mi) and is gradually increasing owing to the buildup of volcanic deposits on the southeast coast. The island is 16 km (9.9 mi) long and 11 km (6.8 mi) wide and consists of a mountainous interior surrounded by a flatter littoral region, with rock cliffs rising 15 to 30 m (49 to 98 ft) above the sea and a number of smooth bottomed sandy beaches scattered among coves on the western (Caribbean Sea) side of the island.

The major mountains are (from north to south) Silver Hill, Katy Hill in the Centre Hills range, the Soufrière Hills and the South Soufrière Hills.^[29] The Soufrière Hills volcano is the island's highest point; its pre-1995 height was 915 metres (3,002 ft). However, it has grown after the eruption due to the creation of a lava dome, with its current height being estimated at 1,050 metres (3,440 ft).^[6]

The 2011 estimate by the CIA indicates that 30% of the island's land is classified as agricultural, 20% as arable, 25% as forest and the balance as "other".^[6]

Montserrat has a few tiny off-shore islands, such as Little Redonda off its north coast and Pinnacle Rock and Statue Rock off its east.

In July 1995, Montserrat's Soufrière Hills volcano, dormant for centuries, erupted and soon buried the island's capital, Plymouth, in more than 12 metres (39 ft) of mud, destroyed its airport and docking facilities, and rendered the southern part of the island, now termed the exclusion zone, uninhabitable and not safe for travel. The southern part of the island was evacuated and visits are severely restricted.^[55] The exclusion zone also includes two sea areas adjacent to the land areas of most volcanic activity.^[9]

After the destruction of Plymouth and disruption of the economy, more than half of the population left the island, which also lacked housing. During the late 1990s, additional eruptions occurred. On 25 June 1997, a pyroclastic flow travelled down Mosquito Ghaut. This pyroclastic surge could not be restrained by the ghaut (a steep revine leading to the sea) and spilled out of it, killing 19 people who were in the (officially evacuated) Streatham village area. Several others in the area suffered severe burns.

British nationality law has changed over time with respect to the status granted to Montserrat residents. In recognition of the disaster, in 1998, the people of Montserrat were granted full residency rights in the United Kingdom, allowing them to migrate if they chose. British citizenship was granted in 2002 to British Overseas Territories citizens in Montserrat and all but one other British Overseas Territory.^[56]

For a number of years in the early 2000s, the volcano's activity consisted mostly of infrequent ventings of ash into the uninhabited areas in the south. The ash falls occasionally extended into the northern and western parts of the island. In the most recent period of increased activity at the Soufrière Hills volcano, from November 2009 through February 2010, ash vented and there was a vulcanian explosion that sent pyroclastic flows down several sides of the mountain. Travel into parts of the exclusion zone was occasionally allowed, though only by a licence from the Royal Montserrat Police Force.^[57] Since 2014 the area has been split into multiple subzones with varying entry and use restrictions, based on volcanic activity: some areas even being (in 2020) open 24 hours and inhabited. The most dangerous zone, which includes the former capital, remains forbidden to casual visitors due to volcanic and other hazards, especially due to the lack of maintenance in destroyed areas. It is legal to visit this area when accompanied by a government-authorised guide.^[58][59]

The northern part of Montserrat has largely been unaffected by volcanic activity, and remains lush and green. In February 2005, Princess Anne officially opened what is now called the John A. Osborne Airport in the north. Since 2011, it handles several flights daily operated by Fly Montserrat Airways. Docking facilities are in place at Little Bay, where the new capital town is being constructed; the new government centre is at Brades, a short distance away.

Montserrat, like many isolated islands, is home to rare, endemic plant and animal species. Work undertaken by the Montserrat National Trust in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew has centred on the conservation of pribby (Rondeletia buxifolia) in the Centre Hills region. Until 2006, this species was known only from one book about the vegetation of Montserrat.^[60] In 2006, conservationists also rescued several plants of the endangered Montserrat orchid (Epidendrum montserratense) from dead trees on the island and installed them in the security of the island's botanic garden.

Montserrat is also home to the critically endangered giant ditch frog (Leptodactylus fallax), known locally as the mountain chicken, found only in Montserrat and Dominica. The species has undergone catastrophic declines due to the amphibian disease Chytridiomycosis and the volcanic eruption in 1997. Experts from Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust have been working with the Montserrat Department of Environment to conserve the frog in-situ in a project called "Saving the Mountain Chicken",^[61] and an ex-situ captive breeding population has been set up in partnership with Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Zoological Society of London, Chester Zoo, Parken Zoo, and the Governments of Montserrat and Dominica. Releases from this programme have already taken place in a hope to increase the numbers of the frog and reduce extinction risk from Chytridiomycosis.

The national bird is the endemic Montserrat oriole (Icterus oberi).^[62] The IUCN Red List classifies it as vulnerable, having previously listed it as critically endangered.^[63] Captive populations are held in several zoos in the UK including: Chester Zoo, London Zoo, Jersey Zoo and Edinburgh Zoo.

The Montserrat galliwasp (Diploglossus montisserrati), a type of lizard, is endemic to Montserrat and is listed on the IUCN Red List as critically endangered.^[64][65] A species action plan has been developed for this species.^[66]

In 2005, a biodiversity assessment for the Centre Hills was conducted. To support the work of local conservationists, a team of international partners, including Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Montana State University, carried out extensive surveys and collected biological data.^[67] Researchers from Montana State University found that the invertebrate fauna was particularly rich on the island. The report found that the number of invertebrate species known to occur in Montserrat is 1241. The number of known beetle species is 718 species from 63 families. It is estimated that 120 invertebrates are endemic to Montserrat.^[67]

Montserrat is known for its coral reefs and its caves along the shore. These caves house many species of bats, and efforts are underway to monitor and protect the ten species of bats from extinction.^[68][69]

The Montserrat tarantula (Cyrtopholis femoralis) is the only species of tarantula native to the island. It was first bred in captivity at the Chester Zoo in August 2016.^[70]

Montserrat has a tropical rainforest climate (Af according to the Köppen climate classification) with the temperature being warm and consistent year-round, and lots of precipitation. Summer and autumn are wetter because of Atlantic hurricanes.

Montserrat's economy was devastated by the 1995 eruption and its aftermath;^[29] currently the island's operating budget is largely supplied by the British government and administered through the Department for International Development (DFID) amounting to approximately £25 million per year.^{[citation needed]} Additional amounts are secured through income and property taxes, licence and other fees as well as customs duties levied on imported goods.

The limited economy of Montserrat, with a population under 5000, consumes 2.5 MW of electric power,^[72] produced by five diesel generators.^[73] Two exploratory geothermal wells have found good resources and the pad for a third geothermal well was prepared in 2016.^[74] Together the geothermal wells are expected to produce more power than the island requires.^[75] A 250 kW solar PV station was commissioned in 2019, with plans for another 750 kW.^[72]

A report published by the CIA indicates that the value of exports totalled the equivalent of US$5.7 million (2017 est.), consisting primarily of electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, limes, live plants and cattle. The value of imports totalled US$31.02 million (2016 est.), consisting primarily of machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels and lubricants.^[6]

In 1979, The Beatles producer George Martin opened AIR Studios Montserrat,^[76] making the island popular with musicians who often went there to record while taking advantage of the island's climate and beautiful surroundings.^[77] In the early hours of 17 September 1989, Hurricane Hugo passed the island as a Category 4 hurricane, damaging more than 90% of the structures on the island.^[19] AIR Studios Montserrat closed, and the tourist economy was virtually wiped out.^[78] The slowly recovering tourist industry was again wiped out with the eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano in 1995, although it began partially to recover within fifteen years.^[79]

John A. Osborne Airport is the only airport on the island (constructed after the W. H. Bramble Airport was destroyed in 1997 by the volcanic eruption). Scheduled service to Antigua is provided by FlyMontserrat^[80] and ABM Air.^[81] Charter flights are also available to the surrounding islands.

Ferry service to the island was provided by the Jaden Sun Ferry. It ran from Heritage Quay in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda to Little Bay on Montserrat. The ride was about an hour and a half and operated five days a week.^[82]

This service stopped in 2019 due to being financially unsustainable^{[citation needed]} and the only access to Montserrat now is by air.

Montserrat had a population of 7,119 in 1842.^[83]

The island had a population of 5,879 (according to a 2008 estimate). An estimated 8,000 refugees left the island (primarily to the UK) following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; the population was 13,000 in 1994. The 2011 Montserrat census indicated a population of 4,922.^[84] In early 2016, the estimated population had reached nearly 5,000 primarily due to immigration from other islands.^[10]

Age structure (2003 estimates):

• up to 14 years: 23.4% (male 1,062; female 1,041)
• 15 to 64 years: 65.3% (male 2,805; female 3,066)
• 65 years and over: 11.3% (male 537; female 484)

The median age of the population was 28.1 as of 2002 and the sex ratio was 0.96 males/female as of 2000.

The population growth rate is 6.9% (2008 est.), with a birth rate of 17.57 births/1,000 population, death rate of 7.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.), and net migration rate of 195.35/1,000 population (2000 est.) There is an infant mortality rate of 7.77 deaths/1000 live births (2003 est.). The life expectancy at birth is 75.9 years: 76.8 for males and 75.0 for females (2023 est.).^[85] Globally, only Montserrat has a higher life expectancy for males than females, a difference of 1.8 years.^[86] The total fertility rate is 1.8 children born/woman (2003 est.).

According to the Montserrat government's 2024 population census, the island has a total population of 4,386, a 10.9% drop compared to 2011.^[87]

English is the sole official language and the main spoken language. A few thousand people speak Montserrat Creole, a dialect of Leeward Caribbean Creole English.^[88][89] Historically, Irish Gaelic was spoken, but has disappeared from use.^[90]

The Irish constituted the largest proportion of the white population from the founding of the colony in 1628. Most were indentured servants; others were merchants or plantation owners. The geographer Thomas Jeffrey claimed in The West India Atlas (1780) that the majority of those on Montserrat were either Irish or of Irish descent, "so that the use of the Irish language is preserved on the island, even among the Negroes."^[91]

African slaves and Irish indentured servants of all classes were in constant contact, with sexual relationships being common and a population of mixed descent appearing as a consequence.^[92] The Irish were also prominent in Caribbean commerce, with their merchants importing Irish goods such as beef, pork, butter and herring, and also importing slaves.^[93]

There is indirect evidence that the use of the Irish language continued in Montserrat until at least the middle of the nineteenth century. The County Kilkenny diarist and Irish scholar Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin noted in 1831 that he had heard that Irish was still spoken in Montserrat by both black and white inhabitants.^[94]

In 1852, Henry H. Breen wrote in Notes and Queries that "The statement that 'the Irish language is spoken in the West India Islands, and that in some of them it may be said to be almost vernacular,' is true of the little Island of Montserrat, but has no foundation with respect to the other colonies."^[95]

In 1902, The Irish Times quoted the Montreal Family Herald in a description of Montserrat, noting that "the negroes to this day speak the old Irish Gaelic tongue, or English with an Irish brogue. A story is told of a Connaught man who, on arriving at the island, was, to his astonishment, hailed in a vernacular Irish by the black people."^[96]

A letter by W. F. Butler in The Atheneum (15 July 1905) quotes an account by a Cork civil servant, C. Cremen, of what he had heard from a retired sailor called John O'Donovan, a fluent Irish speaker:

He frequently told me that in the year 1852, when mate of the brig Kaloolah, he went ashore on the island of Montserrat which was then out of the usual track of shipping. He said he was much surprised to hear the negroes actually talking Irish among themselves, and that he joined in the conversation...^[94]

The British phonetician John C. Wells conducted research into speech in Montserrat in 1977–78 (which included also Montserratians resident in London).^[97] He found media claims that Irish speech, whether Anglo-Irish or Irish Gaelic, influenced contemporary Montserratian speech were largely exaggerated.^[97] He found little in phonology, morphology or syntax that could be attributed to Irish influence, and in Wells' report, only a small number of Irish words in use, one example being minseach [ˈmʲiɲʃəx] which he suggests is the noun goat.^[97]

In 2001, the CIA estimated the primary religion as Protestant (67.1%, including Anglican 21.8%, Methodist 17%, Pentecostal 14.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 10.5%, and Church of God 3.7%), with Catholics constituting 11.6%, Rastafarian 1.4%, other 6.5%, none 2.6%, unspecified 10.8%.^[6] By 2018, the statistics were Protestant 71.4% (includes Anglican 17.7%, Pentecostal/Full Gospel 16.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 15%, Methodist 13.9%, Church of God 6.7%, other Protestant 2%), Roman Catholic 11.4%, Rastafarian 1.4%, Hindu 1.2%, Jehovah's Witness 1%, Muslim 0.4%, unspecified 5.1%, none 7.9% (2018 est.)^[98]

Residents of Montserrat are known as Montserratians. The population is predominantly, but not exclusively, of mixed African-Irish descent.^[99] It is not known with certainty how many African slaves and indentured Irish labourers were brought to the West Indies, though according to one estimate some 60,000 Irish were "Barbadosed" by Oliver Cromwell,^[100] some of whom would have arrived in Montserrat.

Data published by the Central Intelligence Agency indicates the ethnic group mix as follows (2011 est.):^[6]

88.4%: African/black

03.7%: mixed

03.0%: Hispanic/Spanish (of any race, including white)

02.7%: non-Hispanic Caucasian/white

01.5%: East Indian/Indian

00.7%: other

As of 2018 the statistics were estimated at:^[98]

• African/Black 86.2%,
• mixed 4.8%
• Hispanic/Spanish 3%
• Caucasian/White 2.7%
• East Indian/Indian 1.6%
• other 1.8%

Education in Montserrat is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 14, and free up to the age of 17. The only secondary school (pre-16 years of age) on the island is the Montserrat Secondary School (MSS) in Salem.^[101] Montserrat Community College (MCC) is a community college (post-16 and tertiary educational institution) in Salem.^[102] The University of the West Indies maintains its Montserrat Open Campus.^[103] University of Science, Arts and Technology is a private medical school in Olveston.^[104]

Montserrat's national dish is goat water, a thick goat meat stew served with crusty bread rolls.^[10] Montserrat cuisine resembles the general British and Caribbean cuisines, as it is situated in the Caribbean zone and it is a British territory. The cuisine includes a wide range of light meats, like fish, seafood and chicken, which are mostly grilled or roasted. Being a fusion of numerous cultures, such as Spanish, French, African, Indian and Amerindian, the Caribbean cuisine is unique and complex. More sophisticated meals include the Montserrat jerk shrimp, with rum, cinnamon bananas and cranberry. In other more rural areas, people prefer to eat homemade food, like the traditional mahi mahi and local breads.

Montserrat has one national radio station, Radio Montserrat. The station offers a wide selection of music and news within the island and also on the internet for Montserratians living overseas. Notable shows include the Morning Show with Basil Chambers and Rose Willock's Cultural Show.

In the 1980s, the music videos for the Police's songs "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" and "Spirits in the Material World" were filmed on the Montserrat.^[105] In 2017, Montserrat was used to film much of the 2020 film Wendy.^[106]

Ben Fogle produced "Ben Fogle and the Lost City", a docuseries exploring Montserrat's abandoned capital of Plymouth, now an ash-covered ghost town.^[107][108] The docuseries premiered in 2023 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom.^[109] It also premiered at the Montserrat Cultural Centre, where it drew a large local audience.^[109]

In 1975, AIR built a residential studio in Montserrat. It was constructed near the residence of producer George Martin in the town of Salem. AIR Montserrat (16°44′28″N 62°12′53″W) opened in July 1979, complete with several surrounding villas where clients could stay while working at the studio. The studio consisted of a 46-channel Neve mixing console, a pair of MCI 24-track recorders, three Ampex ATR-102 2-track tape recorders and an MCI synchronizer (for any 46-track work), with JBL and Tannoy monitors.

The first band to record there was the Climax Blues Band who were recording their album Real to Reel. Other musicians and bands who recorded there included Dire Straits, Elton John, Earth, Wind, and Fire, Jimmy Buffet, Michael Jackson, the Police, the Rolling Stones, and Rush.^[77] AIR Montserrat studio operated for more than a decade. In 1989, the studio was damaged by Hurricane Hugo and subsequently closed.

Many albums and were recorded at AIR Studios, including

• Dire Straits' Brothers in Arms
• Duran Duran's Seven and the Ragged Tiger
• Jimmy Buffett's Volcano (named for Soufrière Hills)^[77]
• the Police's Synchronicity and Ghost in the Machine^[110]
• Rush's Power Windows

Ian Anderson's (of Jethro Tull) "Montserrat", on the album The Secret Language of Birds, was recorded in tribute to the volcanic difficulties and feeling among residents of being abandoned by the UK government.^{[citation needed]}

After the island's volcanic eruptions of 1995 through 1997, George Martin raised funds to help the victims and families on the island. The first event, Music for Montserrat, was held at London's Royal Albert Hall in September 1997, and featured many artists who had previously recorded on the island including Paul McCartney, Mark Knopfler, Elton John, Sting, Phil Collins, Eric Clapton, and Midge Ure. The event raised £1.5 million.^[111] All the proceeds from the show went towards short-term relief for the islanders.^[77]

Martin's second major initiative was to release five hundred limited edition lithographs of his score for the Beatles song "Yesterday". The lithographs were numbered and signed by Paul McCartney and Martin. The lithograph sale raised more than US$1.4 million, which helped fund the building of a new cultural and community centre for Montserrat and provided a much needed focal point to help the re-generation of the island.^[77]

Montserrat has multiple cultural sites and landmarks open to the public:^[112]

• National Museum of Montserrat, a national museum focusing on the history of Montserrat
• Montserrat Volcano Observatory, the island's volcanic observatory
• Plymouth (ghost town), the only volcanic-buried town in the Americas
• Jack Boy Hill, a viewing facility with views of the island's volcano, towns, and beaches

Montserrat is home to the Montserrat Yachting Association.^[113]

Montserrat has competed in every Commonwealth Games since 1994.^[114]

Miguel Francis who now represents the United Kingdom and previously represented Antigua and Barbuda was born in Montserrat. He holds the Antiguan National record over 200m in 19.88.^[115][116]

Basketball is growing in popularity in Montserrat with the country now setting up their own basketball league.^[117][118] The league contains six teams, which are the Look-Out Shooters, Davy Hill Ras Valley, Cudjoe Head Renegades, St. Peters Hilltop, Salem Jammers and MSS School Warriors.^[119] They have also built a new 800 seater complex which cost $1.5 million.

In common with many Caribbean islands, cricket is a very popular sport in Montserrat. Players from Montserrat are eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team. Jim Allen was the first to play for the West Indies and he represented the World Series Cricket West Indians, although, with a very small population, no other player from Montserrat had gone on to represent the West Indies until Lionel Baker made his One Day International debut against Pakistan in November 2008.^[120]

The Montserrat cricket team forms a part of the Leeward Islands cricket team in regional domestic cricket; however, it plays as a separate entity in minor regional matches,^[121] as well having previously played Twenty20 cricket in the Stanford 20/20.^[122] Two grounds on the island have held first-class matches for the Leeward Islands, the first and most historic was Sturge Park in Plymouth, which had been in use since the 1920s. This was destroyed in 1997 by the volcanic eruption. A new ground, the Salem Oval, was constructed and opened in 2000. This has also held first-class cricket. A second ground has been constructed at Little Bay.^[123]

Montserrat has its own FIFA affiliated football team, and has competed in the World Cup qualifiers five times but failed to advance to the finals from 2002 to 2018. A field for the team was built near the airport by FIFA. In 2002, the team competed in a friendly match with the second-lowest-ranked team in FIFA at that time, Bhutan, in The Other Final, the same day as the final of the 2002 World Cup. Bhutan won 4–0. Montserrat has failed to qualify for any FIFA World Cup. They have also failed to ever qualify for the Gold Cup and Caribbean Cup. The current national team relies mostly on the diaspora resident in England and in the last World Cup qualification game against Curaçao nearly all the squad members played and lived in England.^{[citation needed]}

Montserrat has a club league, the Montserrat Championship, which has played sporadically since 1974. The league was most recently on hiatus from 2005 until 2015 but restarted play in 2016.

Carrll Robilotta, whose parents moved from the United States to Montserrat in 1980, was responsible for pioneering the sport of surfing on the island. He and his brother Gary explored, discovered, and named the surf spots on the island during the 80s and early 90s.^[124]

Settlements within the exclusion zone are no longer habitable. See also List of settlements abandoned after the 1997 Soufrière Hills eruption.

Settlements in italics have been destroyed by pyroclastic flows since the 1997 eruption. Others have been evacuated or destroyed since 1995.

• Jim Allen, former cricketer who represented the World Series Cricket West Indians
• Jennette Arnold, the first Montserratian elected as a Member of the London Assembly.
• Lionel Baker, the first Montserratian to represent the West Indies in international cricket
• Alphonsus "Arrow" Cassell, musician known for his soca song "Hot Hot Hot"
• Chadd Cumberbatch, visual and performing artist, poet and playwright.
• Margaret Dyer-Howe, Montserrat's second woman to be appointed a cabinet minister.
• Ettore Ewen, American professional wrestler and former WWE Heavyweight Champion, 11-time tag team champion, former college football player and powerlifter.
• Howard A. Fergus, author, poet and three time acting governor of Montserrat
• Patricia Griffin, pioneer nurse and volunteer social worker
• George Irish, writer, human rights activist
• Kadiff Kirwan, actor
• E. A. Markham, poet and author
• Dean Mason, association footballer
• Ellen Dolly Peters, teacher and trade unionist
• Q-Tip, rapper, songwriter and producer; his father emigrated to Cleveland, United States from Montserrat
• Shane Ryan, writer, human rights activist
• Veronica Ryan, sculptor, and winner of the 2022 Turner Prize
• M. P. Shiel, writer
• Lyle Taylor, association footballer
• Rowan Taylor, international footballer
• Maizie Williams, member of pop group Boney M
• Angela Yee, member of the syndicated morning radio show The Breakfast Club

• Bibliography of Montserrat
• Index of Montserrat-related articles
• Outline of Montserrat

• Akenson, Donald Harman – If the Irish Ran the World: Montserrat, 1630-1730.^[1][2][3][4]
• Brussell, David Eric – Potions, Poisons, and Panaceas: An Ethnobotanical Study of Montserrat.^[5][6][7]
• Dobbin, Jay D. – The Jombee Dance of Montserrat: A Study of Trance Ritual in the West Indies.^[8][9]
• Perrett, Frank A. – The Volcano-Seismic Crisis at Montserrat, 1933-37.^[10]
• Philpott, Stuart B. – West Indian Migration: The Montserrat Case.^[11]
• Possekel, Anja K. – Living with the Unexpected: Linking Disaster Recovery to Sustainable Development in Montserrat.^[12]

• Government of Montserrat Archived 14 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
• Montserrat National Trust Archived 22 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
• Premier of Montserrat

• Montserrat Archived 14 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Montserrat from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
• Montserrat Webdirectory
• Story of the black Irish in Montserrat Archived 18 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
• Wikimedia Atlas of Montserrat

• Montserrat Reporter news site
• Radio Montserrat—ZJB Listen live online Archived 14 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine

• Montserrat Tourist Board Archived 12 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
• Montserrat Magazine Publications Archived 9 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
• Montserrat Magazine Archived 30 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine

• Toxicity of volcanic ash from Montserrat Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine by RT Cullen, AD Jones, BG Miller, CL Tran, JMG Davis, K Donaldson, M Wilson, V Stone, and A Morgan. Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/02/01.
• A Health Survey of Workers on the Island of Montserrat Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine by HA Cowie, MK Graham, A Searl, BG Miller, PA Hutchison, C Swales, S Dempsey, and M Russell. Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/02/02.
• A Health Survey of Montserratians Relocated to the UK Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine by HA Cowie, A Searl, PJ Ritchie, MK Graham, PA Hutchison, and A Pilkington. Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/01/07.

• Montserrat Volcano Observatory
• Official release archive Archived 19 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
• Antigua, Montserrat and Virgin Islands Gazette Archived 21 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine at the Digital Library of the Caribbean