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Corpuscularianism, also known as corpuscularism (from Latin corpusculum 'little body' and -ism), is a set of theories that explain natural transformations as a result of the interaction of particles (minima naturalia, partes exiles, partes parvae, particulae, and semina).^[1] It differs from atomism in that corpuscles are usually endowed with a property of their own and are further divisible, while atoms are neither. Although often associated with the emergence of early modern mechanical philosophy, and especially with the names of Thomas Hobbes,^[2] René Descartes,^[3]^[4] Pierre Gassendi,^[5] Robert Boyle,^[5]^[6] Isaac Newton,^[7] and John Locke,^[5]^[8]^[9] corpuscularian theories can be found throughout the history of Western philosophy.

Overview

Corpuscles vs. atoms

Corpuscularianism is similar to the theory of atomism, except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible, corpuscles could in principle be divided. In this manner, for example, it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure, a step on the way towards the production of gold by transmutation.

Perceived vs. real properties

Corpuscularianism was associated by its leading proponents with the idea that some of the apparent properties of objects are artifacts of the perceiving mind, that is, "secondary" qualities as distinguished from "primary" qualities.^[10] Corpuscles were thought to be unobservable and having a very limited number of basic properties, such as size, shape, and motion.^[4]

Thomas Hobbes

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes used corpuscularianism to justify his political theories in Leviathan.^[2] It was used by Newton in his development of the corpuscular theory of light,^[7] while Boyle used it to develop his mechanical corpuscular philosophy, which laid the foundations for the Chemical Revolution.^[11]

Robert Boyle

Corpuscularianism remained a dominant theory for centuries and was blended with alchemy by early scientists such as Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton in the 17th century. In his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661), Boyle abandoned the Aristotelian ideas of the classical elements—earth, water, air, and fire—in favor of corpuscularianism. In his later work, The Origin of Forms and Qualities (1666), Boyle used corpuscularianism to explain all of the major Aristotelian concepts, marking a departure from traditional Aristotelianism.^[12]

Light corpuscules

Alchemical corpuscularianism

William R. Newman traces the origins from the fourth book of Aristotle, Meteorology.^[13] The "dry" and "moist" exhalations of Aristotle became the alchemical 'sulfur' and 'mercury' of the eighth-century Islamic alchemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (died c. 806–816). Pseudo-Geber's Summa perfectionis contains an alchemical theory in which unified sulfur and mercury corpuscles, differing in purity, size, and relative proportions, form the basis of a much more complicated process.^[14]

Importance to the development of modern scientific theory

Several of the principles which corpuscularianism proposed became tenets of modern chemistry.

The idea that compounds can have secondary properties that differ from the properties of the elements which are combined to make them became the basis of molecular chemistry.
The idea that the same elements can be predictably combined in different ratios using different methods to create compounds with radically different properties became the basis of stoichiometry, crystallography, and established studies of chemical synthesis.
The ability of chemical processes to alter the composition of an object without significantly altering its form is the basis of fossil theory via mineralization and the understanding of numerous metallurgical, biological, and geological processes.

References

^ Bigotti, Fabrizio (2020), "Corpuscularianism", in Jalobeanu, Dana; Wolfe, Charles T. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–13, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20791-9_133-1, ISBN 978-3-319-20791-9, retrieved 2021-04-12
^ ^a ^b Kenneth Clatterbaugh, The Causation Debate in Modern Philosophy, 1637-1739, Routledge, 2014, p. 69.
^ Stephen Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography, Clarendon Press, 1995, p. 228.
^ ^a ^b Slowik, E. (2021). Zalta, E. N. (ed.). "Descartes' Physics". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 ed.).
^ ^a ^b ^c Vere Claiborne Chappell (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Locke, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 56.
^ MacIntosh, J. J.; Anstey, P.; Jones, J-E. (2022). Zalta, E. N.; Nodelman, U. (eds.). "Robert Boyle". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022 ed.).
^ ^a ^b virginia.edu – Newton's Particle Theory of Light Lecture notes. Lindgren, Richard A. Research Professor of Physics. University of Virginia, Department of Physics.
^ Kochiras, H. (2020). Zalta, E. N. (ed.). "Locke's Philosophy of Science". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 ed.).
^ Jones, J-E. (2023). Zalta, E. N.; Nodelman, U. (eds.). "Locke on Real Essence". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.).
^ The Mechanical Philosophy Archived June 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine - Early modern 'atomism' ("corpuscularianism" as it was known)
^ Ursula Klein (July 2007), "Styles of Experimentation and Alchemical Matter Theory in the Scientific Revolution", Metascience, 16 (2), Springer: 247–256 esp. 247, doi:10.1007/s11016-007-9095-8, ISSN 1467-9981
^ Osler, Margaret J. (2010). Reconfiguring the World. Nature, God, and Human Understanding, from the Middle Ages to Early-Modern Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8018-9656-9.
^ Lüthy, Murdoch & Newman 2001, p. 306.
^ Newman 2006, p. 13. On the sulfur-mercury theory of metals, see Norris 2006, and especially Newman 2014.

Bibliography

Bigotti, Fabrizio (2017). "A Previously Unknown Path to Corpuscularism in the Seventeenth Century: Santorio's Marginalia to the Commentaria in Primam Fen Primi Libri Canonis Avicennae (1625)". Ambix. 64 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1080/00026980.2017.1287550. PMC 5470109. PMID 28350287.
Clericuzio, Antonio (2000). Elements, Principles and Corpuscles: A Study of Atomism and Chemistry in the Seventeenth Century. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6782-6.
Lasswitz, Kurd (1890). Geschichte der Atomistik vom Mittelalter bis Newton. Band 1: Die Erneuerung der Korpuskulartheorie. Band 2: Höhepunkt und Verfall der Korpuskulartheorie des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts. Hamburg-Leipzig: Voss. OCLC 2361346.
Lüthy, Christoph; Murdoch, John E.; Newman, William R., eds. (2001). Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theories. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11516-3.
Newman, William R. (1993). "The Corpuscular Theory of J.B. Van Helmont and its Medieval Sources". Vivarium. 31 (1): 161–191. doi:10.1163/156853493X00132.
Newman, William R. (1994). "Robert Boyle's Debt to Corpuscular Alchemy". In Hunter, Michael (ed.). Robert Boyle Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–118.
Newman, William R. (1996). "The Alchemical Sources of Robert Boyle's Corpuscular Philosophy". Annals of Science. 53 (6): 567–585. doi:10.1080/00033799600200401.
Newman, William R. (2001). "Corpuscular Alchemy and the Tradition of Aristotle's Meteorology, with Special Reference to Daniel Sennert". International Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 15 (2): 145–153. doi:10.1080/02698590120059013.
Newman, William R. (2006). Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57697-8.
Newman, William R. (2014). "Mercury and Sulphur among the High Medieval Alchemists: From Razi and Avicenna to Albertus Magnus and Pseudo-Roger Bacon". Ambix. 62 (4): 327–344. doi:10.1179/1745823414Y.0000000004. PMID 25509633.
Norris, John A. (2006). "The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science". Ambix. 53: 43–65. doi:10.1179/174582306X93183.
Pabst, Bernhard (1994). Atomtheorien des lateinischen Mittelalters. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.