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The Telephones Portal

A telephone, colloquially referred to as a phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from Ancient Greek: τῆλε, romanized: tēle, lit. 'far' and φωνή (phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice.

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households. (Full article...)

A mobile phone or cell phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-location phone (landline phone). The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones (or "cell phones") in North America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, multimedia messaging, email, Internet access (via LTE, 5G NR or Wi-Fi), short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), satellite access (navigation, messaging connectivity), business applications, payments (via NFC), multimedia playback and streaming (radio, television), digital photography, and video games. Mobile phones offering only basic capabilities are known as feature phones (slang: "dumbphones"); mobile phones that offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. (Full article...)

A smartphone, often simply called a phone, is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities. It typically has a touchscreen interface, allowing users to access a wide range of applications and services, such as web browsing, email, and social media, as well as multimedia playback and streaming. Smartphones have built-in cameras, GPS navigation, and support for various communication methods, including voice calls, text messaging, and internet-based messaging apps. (Full article...)

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A modulator-demodulator or most commonly referred to as modem is a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission medium such as telephone or radio. A modem transmits data by modulating one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information, while the receiver demodulates the signal to recreate the original digital information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably. Modems can be used with almost any means of transmitting analog signals, from light-emitting diodes to radio.

Early modems were devices that used audible sounds suitable for transmission over traditional telephone systems and leased lines. These generally operated at 110 or 300 bits per second (bit/s), and the connection between devices was normally manual, using an attached telephone handset. By the 1970s, higher speeds of 1,200 and 2,400 bit/s for asynchronous dial connections, 4,800 bit/s for synchronous leased line connections and 35 kbit/s for synchronous conditioned leased lines were available. By the 1980s, less expensive 1,200 and 2,400 bit/s dialup modems were being released, and modems working on radio and other systems were available. As device sophistication grew rapidly in the late 1990s, telephone-based modems quickly exhausted the available bandwidth, reaching 56 kbit/s.

The rise of public use of the internet during the late 1990s led to demands for much higher performance, leading to the move away from audio-based systems to entirely new encodings on cable television lines and short-range signals in subcarriers on telephone lines. The move to cellular telephones, especially in the late 1990s and the emergence of smartphones in the 2000s led to the development of ever-faster radio-based systems. Today, modems are ubiquitous and largely invisible, included in almost every mobile computing device in one form or another, and generally capable of speeds on the order of tens or hundreds of megabytes per second. (Full article...)

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A modular smartphone is a smartphone designed for users to upgrade or replace components and modules without the need for resoldering or repair services. The most important component is the main board, to which others such as cameras and batteries are attached. Components can be obtained from open-source hardware stores.

This design aims to reduce electronic waste, increase the phone's lifespan, and lower repair costs. However, modular smartphones are generally bulkier and slower than their non-modular counterparts which may make them less attractive for most consumers. (Full article...)

List of phone types
Payphone Courtesy telephone Emergency telephone Secure telephone Smartphone Mobile phone Satellite phone Phablet Car phone Windows Phone Camera phone Feature phone VoIP phone iPhone Tin can telephone Sound-powered telephone Grillo telephone Golden telephone Reis telephone Cordless telephone Shoe phone Field telephone IBM Simon Mobile radio telephone Foldable smartphone Prepaid mobile phone

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Example of Last-call return from Verizon Home Phone Service

Listen to last-call return (with a fake NANP number, 987-654-3210), voiced by Pat Fleet.

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Last-call return, automatic recall, or (on PBX and centrex service) camp-on, is a telecommunication feature offered by telephony service providers to subscribers to provide the subscriber with the telephone number, and sometimes the time, of the last caller. The service may also offer the facility to place a call to the calling party. (Full article...)

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The following are images from various telephone-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1This layout of the camera viewfinder was first introduced by Apple with iOS 7 in 2013. Towards the late 2010s, several other smartphone vendors have ditched their layouts and implemented variations of this layout. (from Smartphone)
Image 2The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. In 1983, it became the first commercially available handheld cellular mobile phone. (from Mobile phone)
Image 31917 wall telephone, open to show magneto and local battery (from History of the telephone)
Image 4Typical mobile phone mini-SIM card (from Mobile phone)
Image 5A text message (SMS) (from Mobile phone)
Image 6Cellular networks work by only reusing radio frequencies (in this example frequencies f1–f4) in non adjacent cells to avoid interference (from Mobile phone)
Image 71896 Telephone (Sweden) (from History of the telephone)
Image 8A New York City driver holding two phones (from Smartphone)
Image 9Mobile/desktop convergence: the Librem 5 smartphone can be used as a basic desktop computer (from Smartphone)
Image 10Thomas Edison invented the carbon microphone which produced a strong telephone signal. (from History of the telephone)
Image 11Martin Cooper of Motorola, shown here in a 2007 reenactment, made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on 3 April 1973. (from Mobile phone)
Image 12A high-capacity portable battery charger (power bank) (from Smartphone)
Image 13Android smartphones (from Mobile phone)
Image 14Oppo Find X6 features software-based tuning co-developed with Hasselblad (from Smartphone)
Image 15The HTC Desire, a 2010 smartphone with optical trackpad and search button (from Smartphone)
Image 16A French Gower telephone of 1912 at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris (from History of the telephone)
Image 17A driver using two handheld mobile phones at once (from Mobile phone)
Image 18Tivadar Puskás proposed the telephone switchboard exchange in 1876. (from History of the telephone)
Image 19A user consulting a mapping app on a phone (from Smartphone)
Image 20Apple iPhone smartphone (from History of the telephone)
Image 21Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in a 1932 silent film. Shows Bell's second telephone transmitter (microphone), invented 1876 and first displayed at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia. (from History of the telephone)
Image 22Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. (from History of the telephone)
Image 23Xiaomi 13 Ultra featured a Leica Summicron camera system (from Smartphone)
Image 24Several BlackBerry smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s (from Smartphone)
Image 25A Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus, featuring a "hole-punch" camera (from Smartphone)
Image 26IBM Simon and charging base (1994) (from Smartphone)
Image 27Top of cellular telephone tower (from History of the telephone)
Image 28The LG Prada with a large capacitive touchscreen introduced in 2006 (from Smartphone)
Image 29A Moto G7 Power; its display uses a tall aspect ratio and includes a "notch". (from Smartphone)
Image 30Old Receiver schematic, c.1906 (from History of the telephone)
Image 31Scrapped mobile phones (from Mobile phone)
Image 32A sign in the US restricting cell phone use to certain times of day (no cell phone use between 7:30–9:00 am and 2:00–4:15 pm) (from Mobile phone)
Image 33A smartphone touchscreen (from Smartphone)
Image 34Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992 Motorola DynaTAC 8000X to the 2014 iPhone 6 Plus (from Mobile phone)
Image 35E-waste in Agbogbloshie (from Smartphone)
Image 36A 19th century acoustic tin can or "lovers' telephone" (from History of the telephone)
Image 37Optical track pad sensor of an HTC Legend, 2010. (from Smartphone)
Image 38Smartphone with infrared transmitter on top for use as remote control (from Smartphone)
Image 39People using phones while walking (from Mobile phone)
Image 40Antonio Meucci, 1854, constructed telephone-like devices. (from History of the telephone)
Image 41Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (from Mobile phone)
Image 42Personal Handy-phone System mobiles and modems, 1997–2003 (from Mobile phone)
Image 43Antonio Meucci's telephone. (from History of the telephone)
Image 44Philipp Reis, 1861, constructed the first telephone, today called the Reis telephone. (from History of the telephone)
Image 45The master telephone patent granted to Bell, 174465, March 10, 1876 (from History of the telephone)
Image 46Mobile payment system (from Mobile phone)
Image 47Historical marker commemorating the first telephone central office in New York State (1878) (from History of the telephone)
Image 48Inserted memory and SIM cards (from Smartphone)
Image 49A German rotary dial telephone, the W48 (from History of the telephone)
Image 50Mobile payment system. (from Smartphone)
Image 51A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place, Texas (Greater Houston) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm. (from Smartphone)
Image 52Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants. 2014 figure is estimated. (from Mobile phone)
Image 53Elisha Gray, 1876, designed a telephone using a water microphone in Highland Park, Illinois. (from History of the telephone)
Image 54The original Apple iPhone; following its introduction the common smartphone form factor shifted to large touchscreen software interfaces without physical keypads (from Smartphone)
Image 55The "Sooner" prototype Android smartphone (from Smartphone)
Image 56Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a Google Chromium derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the tab list using the stylus on a Samsung Galaxy Note 4. (from Smartphone)
Image 57
Bell prototype telephone stamp
Centennial Issue of 1976
(from History of the telephone)
Image 58Dupuis and Haug during a GSM meeting in Belgium, April 1992 (from Mobile phone)
Image 59The Nokia 9110 Communicator, opened for access to keyboard (from Smartphone)
Image 60"Device options" menu of Samsung Mobile's TouchWiz user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second (from Smartphone)
Image 61Private conversation, 1910 (from History of the telephone)
Image 62A Meizu MX4 with Flyme OS (from Smartphone)

Selected biography

Watson, c. 1883

Thomas Augustus Watson (January 18, 1854 – December 13, 1934) was an assistant to Alexander Graham Bell, notably in the invention of the telephone in 1876. (Full article...)

List of selected biographies
Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison Innocenzo Manzetti Charles Bourseul Johann Philipp Reis Antonio Meucci Tivadar Puskás Douglas H. Ring W. Rae Young Martin Cooper (inventor) Thomas Cowherd Gardiner Greene Hubbard Anthony Pollok Elisha Gray George Sweigert Pat Fleet John Draper

Selected images

Image 1Acoustic telephone ad, The Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, 1886
Image 2Wooden wall telephone with a hand-cranked magneto generator
Image 3A Funke + Huster telephone inside the Idrija Mine, Slovenia
Image 4A Western Electric candlestick phone from the 1920s
Image 5Push-button telephone
Image 6Track-side emergency brake and emergency telephones at the platform of the metro station Aspern Nord, Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
Image 7Mailbox and public telephone in Haßfurt, Germany
Image 8Telephone booth box art outside the Tower of London, 2012
Image 9A Northern Electric telephone, model number N415H, circa 1950 (probably)
Image 10Photograph of the interior of the Prairie Grove Airlight Outdoor Telephone Booth in Prairie Grove, Arkansas, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Image 11A Bell Canada payphone with digital display
Image 12A historic telephone booth in Skansen, Stockholm
Image 13Landline call blocking in use
Image 14A cordless phone
Image 15An example of a K6, the most common red telephone box model, photographed in London in 2012
Image 16The AUTOVON was a worldwide American military telephone system that was built starting in 1963.
Image 17Rotary dial telephone, probably from Belgium; the circuit diagram inside is in Dutch and French
Image 18A police box outside Earl's Court tube station in London, built in 1996 and based on the 1929 Gilbert Mackenzie Trench design
Image 19Public telephone, Bucharest, Romania
Image 20Android smartphones
Image 21A traditional North American rotary phone dial. The associative lettering was originally used for dialing named exchanges but was kept because it facilitated memorization of telephone numbers.
Image 22Emergency telephones, on the Paris-Bordeaux railway line, Saint-Saviol station, Vienne, France
Image 23Apple iPhones
Image 24Automatic electric Rotary dial telephone
Image 25Historical telephone with the German imperial eagle and the heraldic shield of the House of Hohenzollern dynasty; Vollmer's Mill, Seebach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Image 26Foldable smartphones
Image 27An Italian gettone telefonico (telephone token) from 1945, which was used in Italian phone booths
Image 28Rotary dial telephone, probably from Belgium; the circuit diagram inside is in Dutch and French

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Telephony
Types	Landline Cable telephony Mobile phone Satellite phone Photophone
Accessories	Answering machine Caller ID
Connectivity	Cable protection system Communications satellites Fibre-optical Free-space optical ISDN Mobile phone signal POTS PSTN Submarine cables VoIP
Calls	Missed call Misdialed call Nuisance call Phone tag
Applications	Fax transmission Telephone calls Telephone newspapers Théâtrophone Video calls
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Emergency telephone numbers
Emergency telephone Harmonised service of social value
000 (Australia) 102 (India) 106 (Australia) 108 (India) 110 (Iran, Japan, China) 111 (New Zealand) 112 (Europe and others, worldwide GSM mobile networks) 119 (parts of Asia and Jamaica) 120 (China) 122 (Austria, Egypt, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) 123 (Colombia, Egypt) 128 (Mercosur member states) 190 (Brazil) 911 (Iraq, North America E-911 system, Philippines) 988 (North America Suicide & Crisis Lifeline) 999 (Bangladesh, UK and others) 1122 (Pakistan)
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