Practical Applications of a SDMS (Scientific Data Management System)
Yaliyomo
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Kaulimbiu ya taifa: Съединението прави силата ("Umoja huleta nguvu) | |||||
Wimbo wa taifa: Mila Rodino ("Taifa la kupendwa") | |||||
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Mji mkuu | ![]() | ||||
Mji mkubwa nchini | Sofia | ||||
Lugha rasmi | Kibulgaria | ||||
Serikali | Demokrasia Rumen Radev (Румен Радев) Kiril Petkov (Кирил Петков) | ||||
Uhuru ilianzishwa Bulgaria kuwa nchi ya kikristo madaraka ya kujitawala Ilitangazwa |
681 865 3 Machi 1878 5 Oktoba 1908 (22 Septemba | ||||
Eneo - Jumla - Maji (%) |
110,994 km² (ya 106) 2.16% | ||||
Idadi ya watu - 2021 kadirio - 2014 sensa - Msongamano wa watu |
7,000,039 (ya 106) 6,875,040[1] 63/km² (ya 118) | ||||
Fedha | Lev (BGN )
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Saa za eneo - Kiangazi (DST) |
EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
Intaneti TLD | .bg | ||||
Kodi ya simu | +359
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Bulgaria (kwa Kibulgaria: България; jina rasmi ni Jamhuri ya Bulgaria) ni nchi ya Ulaya kusini - magharibi kwenye rasi ya Balkani.
Imepakana na Bahari Nyeusi, Serbia, Makedonia Kaskazini na Ugiriki.
Ni mwanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya.
Historia
Zamadamu walikuweko walau miaka milioni 1.4 iliyopita.
Kufikia mwaka 5000 hivi KK kulikuwa na ustaarabu mkubwa uliotengeneza vyombo vya ufinyanzi na usonara vilivyo kati ya vile vya awali zaidi duniani.
Baada ya mwaka 3000 KK, Wathraki walijitokeza katika rasi ya Balkani.
Mwishoni mwa karne ya 6 KK sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo lilitekwa na Dola la Persia.
Katika miaka ya 470 KK, Wathraki waliunda ufalme wa Odrusia, ambao baadaye ulianguka na wenyewe walitawaliwa na Wamakedonia, Wakelti na Warumi. Mchanganyiko huo wa watu ulikuja kuungana na Waslavi, waliolowea rasi kwa namna ya kudumu baada ya mwaka 500 BK.
Mwaka 632 Wabulgaria walianzisha nchi huru kaskazini kwa Bahari Nyeusi iliyoitwa Bulgaria Kuu chini ya Kubrat hadi nusu ya pili ya karne ya 7.
Asparukh, mwandamizi wake, alihamia karibu na delta ya mto Danube akazidi kuteka maeneo ya Balkani yaliyokuwa ya Dola la Bisanti, jambo lililoendelea katika karne zilizofuata.
Huo mchanganyiko mkubwa wa watu ulipata utambulisho wa kitaifa kwa kushika dini, lugha na alfabeti moja.
Katika karne ya 11 hilo dola la Bulgaria la kwanza lilishindwa na Dola la Roma Mashariki likisaidiwa na Warusi.
Lakini mwaka 1185 ndugu Asen na Peter walifaulu kuanzisha dola la pili la Bulgaria lililofikia kilele chake katika miaka ya 1230.
Baada ya kugawanyika, falme tatu za Kibulgaria zilitekwa na Dola la Osmani mwaka 1396 kwa miaka 500 iliyofuata.
Vita kati ya Urusi na Uturuki vya miaka 1877–1878 vilileta uhuru kwa sehemu ndogo ya Bulgaria. Kwa kutaka Wabulgaria wote wawe ndani yake, nchi iliunga mkono Ujerumani katika vita vikuu vyote viwili na hatimaye ilishindwa.
Hivyo Bulgaria ikawa chini ya Wakomunisti kwa miaka 45.
Baada ya hapo Bulgaria ilijiunga na NATO mwaka 2004 na Umoja wa Ulaya mwaka 2007.
Watu
Wakazi wanazidi kupungua tangu mwanzo wa miaka ya 1990.
Wengi wao (84.8%) wanazungumza Kibulgaria, ambacho ni kati ya lugha za Kislavoni, na wanafuata dini ya Ukristo katika Kanisa la kitaifa ambalo ni kati ya Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi.
Pia kuna makundi makubwamakubwa ya Waturuki (8.8%) Waislamu na walowezi kutoka India (4.9%).
Kwa jumla, Wakristo ni 75%, Waislamu 10%, wenye dini nyingine ni 3%, wakati wasio na dini ni 11.8%.
Tazama pia
Tanbihi
- ↑ "Population and Demographic Processes in 2019 | National statistical institute". www.nsi.bg. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2020-06-18. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Desemba 2021.
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Marejeo
- "2011 census of Bulgaria" (PDF) (kwa Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2013-07-27. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Chary, Frederick B. The History of Bulgaria (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) (2011) excerpt and text search
- Crampton, R. J. A Concise History of Bulgaria (2005) Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-61637-9
- Bell, John D., ed. (1998). Bulgaria in Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism. Westview. ISBN 978-0-8133-9010-9
- Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2011) Lost in Transition: Ethnographies of Everyday Life After Communism. Duke University Press.
- Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2010) Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton University Press.
- Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2005) The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism and Postsocialism on the Black Sea. Duke University Press.
- "Country Profile: Bulgaria" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies. Library of Congress. 2006. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Curtis, Glenn E.; Mitova, Pamela; Marsteller, William; Soper, Karl Wheeler (1993) [1992 research]. "Country Study: Bulgaria". Library of Congress Country Studies. Library of Congress. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)- "Historical Setting". Chapter 1. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "The First Golden Age". Chapter 1. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Oktoba 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "The Final Move to Independence". The Bulgarian Independence Movement. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "San Stefano, Berlin, and Independence". The Bulgarian Independence Movement. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Bulgaria in World War II: The Passive Alliance". World War II. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Wartime Crisis". World War II. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "After Stalin". Communist Consolidation. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Domestic Policy and Its Results". Communist Consolidation. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s". The Zhivkov Era. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s". The Zhivkov Era. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Topography". The Society and its Environment. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Climate". The Society and its Environment. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "The Economy". Chapter 3. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Resource Base". The Economy. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Government and Politics". Chapter 4. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Arms Sales". National Security. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Military Personnel". National Security. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Desemba 2011.
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- "Historical Setting". Chapter 1. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Desemba 2011.
Viungo vya Nje
- Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages
- Bulgaria Archived 16 Oktoba 2008 at the Wayback Machine. at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
- Bulgaria katika Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Bulgaria
- Bulgaria Profile from Balkan Insight
- President of The Republic of Bulgaria Archived 10 Februari 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
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Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Ulaya bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Bulgaria kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa . |