Potency and safety analysis of hemp-derived delta-9 products: The hemp vs. cannabis demarcation problem

FCER2
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	4KI1, 1T8C, 1T8D, 2H2R, 2H2T, 4EZM, 4G96, 4G9A, 4GI0, 4GJ0, 4GJX, 4GK1, 4GKO, 4J6J, 4J6K, 4J6L, 4J6M, 4J6N, 4J6P, 4J6Q
Identifiers
Aliases	FCER2, BLAST-2, CD23, CD23A, CLEC4J, FCE2, IGEBF, Fc fragment of IgE receptor II, FCErII, Fc epsilon receptor II
External IDs	OMIM: 151445; MGI: 95497; HomoloGene: 1517; GeneCards: FCER2; OMA:FCER2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (human)
End	7,702,146 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 8 (mouse)
End	3,744,175 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	Top expressed in
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function
Cellular component
Biological process
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	2208
	14128
	ENSG00000104921
	ENSMUSG00000005540
	P06734
	P20693
	NM_001207019; NM_001220500; NM_002002
NM_001253737; NM_001253739; NM_001253743; NM_001253745; NM_001253746;
	NM_001253747; NM_013517
	NP_001193948; NP_001207429; NP_001993
NP_001240666; NP_001240668; NP_001240672; NP_001240674; NP_001240675;
	NP_001240676; NP_038545
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

CD23, also known as Fc epsilon RII, or FcεRII, is the "low-affinity" receptor for IgE, an antibody isotype involved in allergy and resistance to parasites, and is important in regulation of IgE levels. Unlike many of the antibody receptors, CD23 is a C-type lectin. It is found on mature B cells, activated macrophages, eosinophils, follicular dendritic cells, and platelets.

There are two forms of CD23: CD23a and CD23b. CD23a is present on follicular B cells, whereas CD23b requires IL-4 to be expressed on T-cells, monocytes, Langerhans cells, eosinophils, and macrophages.^[5]

Function

CD23 is known to have a role of transportation in antibody feedback regulation. Antigens which enter the blood stream can be captured by antigen specific IgE antibodies. The IgE immune complexes that are formed bind to CD23 molecules on B cells, and are transported to the B cell follicles of the spleen. The antigen is then transferred from CD23+ B cells to CD11c+ antigen presenting cells. The CD11c+ cells in turn present the antigen to CD4+ T cells, which can lead to an enhanced antibody response.^[6]

Clinical significance

The allergen responsible in dust mite allergy—Der p 1—is known to cleave CD23 from a cell’s surface. As CD23 is soluble, it can move freely and interact with cells in plasma. Recent studies have shown that increased levels of soluble CD23 cause the recruitment of non-sensitised B-cells in the presentation of antigen peptides to allergen-specific B-cells, therefore increasing the production of allergen specific IgE. IgE, in turn, is known to upregulate the cellular expression of CD23 and Fc epsilon RI (high-affinity IgE receptor).^[7]

In flow cytometry, CD23 is helpful in the differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CD23-positive) from mantle cell lymphoma (CD23-negative).^[9] CD23 can also be demonstrated in germinal centre follicular dendritic cells using immunohistochemistry but is minimally expressed by benign germinal center B cells. In contrast to neoplastic mantle cells (which are negative for CD23), the resting cells of physiologic mantle zone express CD23. Paradoxically, Lymphomas arising from the mantle zone are generally negative for CD23, while most B-cell chronic lymphomocytic leukaemias are positive, allowing immunohistochemistry to distinguish these conditions, which otherwise have a similar appearance. Reed – Sternberg cells are usually positive for CD23.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000104921 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005540 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Lichtman AH, Abbas AK (2003). Cellular and molecular immunology. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 324–325. ISBN 0-7216-0008-5.
^ Henningsson F, Ding Z, Dahlin JS, Linkevicius M, Carlsson F, Grönvik KO, Hallgren J, Heyman B (2011). Metzger DW (ed.). "IgE-mediated enhancement of CD4+ T cell responses in mice requires antigen presentation by CD11c+ cells and not by B cells". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e21760. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621760H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021760. PMC 3130775. PMID 21765910.
^ Engeroff P, Vogel M (July 2021). "The role of CD23 in the regulation of allergic responses". Allergy. 76 (7): 1981–1989. doi:10.1111/all.14724. PMC 8359454. PMID 33378583.
^ Kurshumliu F, Sadiku-Zehri F, Qerimi A, Vela Z, Jashari F, Bytyci S, et al. (2019). "Divergent immunohistochemical expression of CD21 and CD23 by follicular dendritic cells with increasing grade of follicular lymphoma". World J Surg Oncol. 17 (1): 115. doi:10.1186/s12957-019-1659-8. PMC 6610797. PMID 31269981.
- This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
^ Barna G, Reiniger L, Tátrai P, Kopper L, Matolcsy A (Sep 2008). "The cut-off levels of CD23 expression in the differential diagnosis of MCL and CLL". Hematological Oncology. 26 (3): 167–70. doi:10.1002/hon.855. PMID 18381689. S2CID 20572446.
^ Cooper K, Leong AS (2003). Manual of diagnostic antibodies for immunohistology. London: Greenwich Medical Media. p. 95. ISBN 1-84110-100-1.

Kijimoto-Ochiai S (Apr 2002). "CD23 (the low-affinity IgE receptor) as a C-type lectin: a multidomain and multifunctional molecule". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 59 (4): 648–64. doi:10.1007/s00018-002-8455-1. PMC 11337544. PMID 12022472. S2CID 20040394.
Schwarzmeier JD, Hubmann R, Düchler M, Jäger U, Shehata M (Feb 2005). "Regulation of CD23 expression by Notch2 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 46 (2): 157–65. doi:10.1080/10428190400010742. PMID 15621797. S2CID 36863790.
Maekawa N, Kawabe T, Sugie K, Kawakami T, Iwata S, Uchida A, Yodoi J (May 1992). "Induction of Fc epsilon RII/CD23 on PHA-activated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and the association of Fyn tyrosine kinase with Fc epsilon RII/CD23". Research in Immunology. 143 (4): 422–5. doi:10.1016/S0923-2494(05)80075-6. PMID 1387715.
Rose K, Turcatti G, Graber P, Pochon S, Regamey PO, Jansen KU, Magnenat E, Aubonney N, Bonnefoy JY (Sep 1992). "Partial characterization of natural and recombinant human soluble CD23". The Biochemical Journal. 286 ( Pt 3) (Pt 3): 819–24. doi:10.1042/bj2860819. PMC 1132977. PMID 1417742.
Maekawa N, Kawabe T, Sugie K, Kawakami T, Maeda Y, Uchida A, Yodoi J (1992). "Induction of Fc epsilon RII/CD23 on PHA-activated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and association of fyn tyrosine kinase with Fc epsilon RII/CD23". International Journal of Tissue Reactions. 14 (3): 121–30. PMID 1446976.
Sugie K, Kawakami T, Maeda Y, Kawabe T, Uchida A, Yodoi J (Oct 1991). "Fyn tyrosine kinase associated with Fc epsilon RII/CD23: possible multiple roles in lymphocyte activation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (20): 9132–5. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.9132S. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9132. PMC 52666. PMID 1717997.
Bettler B, Hofstetter H, Rao M, Yokoyama WM, Kilchherr F, Conrad DH (Oct 1989). "Molecular structure and expression of the murine lymphocyte low-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RII)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (19): 7566–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.19.7566. PMC 298106. PMID 2529542.
Kikutani H, Inui S, Sato R, Barsumian EL, Owaki H, Yamasaki K, Kaisho T, Uchibayashi N, Hardy RR, Hirano T (Dec 1986). "Molecular structure of human lymphocyte receptor for immunoglobulin E". Cell. 47 (5): 657–65. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90508-8. PMID 2877743. S2CID 43557507.
Ikuta K, Takami M, Kim CW, Honjo T, Miyoshi T, Tagaya Y, Kawabe T, Yodoi J (Feb 1987). "Human lymphocyte Fc receptor for IgE: sequence homology of its cloned cDNA with animal lectins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (3): 819–23. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84..819I. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.3.819. PMC 304307. PMID 2949326.
Yokota A, Kikutani H, Tanaka T, Sato R, Barsumian EL, Suemura M, Kishimoto T (Nov 1988). "Two species of human Fc epsilon receptor II (Fc epsilon RII/CD23): tissue-specific and IL-4-specific regulation of gene expression". Cell. 55 (4): 611–8. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90219-X. PMID 2972386. S2CID 140208582.
Lüdin C, Hofstetter H, Sarfati M, Levy CA, Suter U, Alaimo D, Kilchherr E, Frost H, Delespesse G (Jan 1987). "Cloning and expression of the cDNA coding for a human lymphocyte IgE receptor". The EMBO Journal. 6 (1): 109–14. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04726.x. PMC 553364. PMID 3034567.
Aubry JP, Pochon S, Gauchat JF, Nueda-Marin A, Holers VM, Graber P, Siegfried C, Bonnefoy JY (Jun 1994). "CD23 interacts with a new functional extracytoplasmic domain involving N-linked oligosaccharides on CD21". Journal of Immunology. 152 (12): 5806–13. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.152.12.5806. PMID 7515913. S2CID 42434103.
Lecoanet-Henchoz S, Gauchat JF, Aubry JP, Graber P, Life P, Paul-Eugene N, Ferrua B, Corbi AL, Dugas B, Plater-Zyberk C (Jul 1995). "CD23 regulates monocyte activation through a novel interaction with the adhesion molecules CD11b-CD18 and CD11c-CD18". Immunity. 3 (1): 119–25. doi:10.1016/1074-7613(95)90164-7. PMID 7621072.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Padlan EA, Helm BA (1994). "Modeling of the lectin-homology domains of the human and murine low-affinity Fc epsilon receptor (Fc epsilon RII/CD23)". Receptor. 3 (4): 325–41. PMID 8142907.
Trask B, Fertitta A, Christensen M, Youngblom J, Bergmann A, Copeland A, de Jong P, Mohrenweiser H, Olsen A, Carrano A (Jan 1993). "Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of human chromosome 19: cytogenetic band location of 540 cosmids and 70 genes or DNA markers". Genomics. 15 (1): 133–45. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1021. PMID 8432525.
Chirmule N, Kalyanaraman VS, Lederman S, Oyaizu N, Yagura H, Yellin MJ, Chess L, Pahwa S (Mar 1993). "HIV-gp 160-induced T cell-dependent B cell differentiation. Role of T cell-B cell activation molecule and IL-6". Journal of Immunology. 150 (6): 2478–86. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.150.6.2478. PMID 8450224. S2CID 25128583.
Förster HH, Wäsch R, Kretschmar T, Mischke D, Uchańska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A, Schmitt M, Wahn HU (Nov 1995). "Genetic markers on chromosome 19p and prenatal diagnosis of HLA class II-deficient combined immunodeficiency". Pediatric Research. 38 (5): 812–6. doi:10.1203/00006450-199511000-00029. PMID 8552454.
Bajorath J, Aruffo A (Feb 1996). "Structure-based modeling of the ligand binding domain of the human cell surface receptor CD23 and comparison of two independently derived molecular models". Protein Science. 5 (2): 240–7. doi:10.1002/pro.5560050207. PMC 2143337. PMID 8745401.
Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Bernard I, Maillet F, Mani JC, Fontaine M, Bonnefoy JY, Kazatchkine MD, Fischer E (Jul 1996). "Human lymphocytes shed a soluble form of CD21 (the C3dg/Epstein-Barr virus receptor, CR2) that binds iC3b and CD23". European Journal of Immunology. 26 (7): 1497–503. doi:10.1002/eji.1830260714. PMID 8766552. S2CID 31793325.

External links

Human FCER2 genome location and FCER2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000104921 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005540 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[isbn0-7216-0008-5-5] Lichtman AH, Abbas AK (2003). Cellular and molecular immunology. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 324–325. ISBN 0-7216-0008-5.

[Henningsson_2011-6] Henningsson F, Ding Z, Dahlin JS, Linkevicius M, Carlsson F, Grönvik KO, Hallgren J, Heyman B (2011). Metzger DW (ed.). "IgE-mediated enhancement of CD4+ T cell responses in mice requires antigen presentation by CD11c+ cells and not by B cells". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e21760. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621760H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021760. PMC 3130775. PMID 21765910.

[pmid33378583-7] Engeroff P, Vogel M (July 2021). "The role of CD23 in the regulation of allergic responses". Allergy. 76 (7): 1981–1989. doi:10.1111/all.14724. PMC 8359454. PMID 33378583.

[8] Kurshumliu F, Sadiku-Zehri F, Qerimi A, Vela Z, Jashari F, Bytyci S, et al. (2019). "Divergent immunohistochemical expression of CD21 and CD23 by follicular dendritic cells with increasing grade of follicular lymphoma". World J Surg Oncol. 17 (1): 115. doi:10.1186/s12957-019-1659-8. PMC 6610797. PMID 31269981.
- This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[pmid18381689-9] Barna G, Reiniger L, Tátrai P, Kopper L, Matolcsy A (Sep 2008). "The cut-off levels of CD23 expression in the differential diagnosis of MCL and CLL". Hematological Oncology. 26 (3): 167–70. doi:10.1002/hon.855. PMID 18381689. S2CID 20572446.

[isbn1-84110-100-1-10] Cooper K, Leong AS (2003). Manual of diagnostic antibodies for immunohistology. London: Greenwich Medical Media. p. 95. ISBN 1-84110-100-1.

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[2]

[3]

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[5]

[6]

[7]

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[9]

[10]

Proteins: clusters of differentiation (see also list of human clusters of differentiation)
1–50	CD1 a-c 1A 1B 1D 1E CD2 CD3 γ δ ε CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 a CD9 CD10 CD11 a b c d CD13 CD14 CD15 CD16 A B CD18 CD19 CD20 CD21 CD22 CD23 CD24 CD25 CD26 CD27 CD28 CD29 CD30 CD31 CD32 A B CD33 CD34 CD35 CD36 CD37 CD38 CD39 CD40 CD41 CD42 a b c d CD43 CD44 CD45 CD46 CD47 CD48 CD49 a b c d e f CD50
51–100	CD51 CD52 CD53 CD54 CD55 CD56 CD57 CD58 CD59 CD61 CD62 E L P CD63 CD64 A B C CD66 a b c d e f CD68 CD69 CD70 CD71 CD72 CD73 CD74 CD78 CD79 a b CD80 CD81 CD82 CD83 CD84 CD85 a d e h j k CD86 CD87 CD88 CD89 CD90 CD91 - CD92 CD93 CD94 CD95 CD96 CD97 CD98 CD99 CD100
101–150	CD101 CD102 CD103 CD104 CD105 CD106 CD107 a b CD108 CD109 CD110 CD111 CD112 CD113 CD114 CD115 CD116 CD117 CD118 CD119 CD120 a b CD121 a b CD122 CD123 CD124 CD125 CD126 CD127 CD129 CD130 CD131 CD132 CD133 CD134 CD135 CD136 CD137 CD138 CD140b CD141 CD142 CD143 CD144 CD146 CD147 CD148 CD150
151–200	CD151 CD152 CD153 CD154 CD155 CD156 a b c CD157 CD158 (a d e i k) CD159 a c CD160 CD161 CD162 CD163 CD164 CD166 CD167 a b CD168 CD169 CD170 CD171 CD172 a b g CD174 CD177 CD178 CD179 a b CD180 CD181 CD182 CD183 CD184 CD185 CD186 CD191 CD192 CD193 CD194 CD195 CD196 CD197 CDw198 CDw199 CD200
201–250	CD201 CD202b CD204 CD205 CD206 CD207 CD208 CD209 CDw210 a b CD212 CD213a 1 2 CD217 CD218 (a b) CD220 CD221 CD222 CD223 CD224 CD225 CD226 CD227 CD228 CD229 CD230 CD233 CD234 CD235 a b CD236 CD238 CD239 CD240CE CD240D CD241 CD243 CD244 CD246 CD247 - CD248 CD249
251–300	CD252 CD253 CD254 CD256 CD257 CD258 CD261 CD262 CD263 CD264 CD265 CD266 CD267 CD268 CD269 CD271 CD272 CD273 CD274 CD275 CD276 CD278 CD279 CD280 CD281 CD282 CD283 CD284 CD286 CD288 CD289 CD290 CD292 CDw293 CD294 CD295 CD297 CD298 CD299
301–350	CD300A CD301 CD302 CD303 CD304 CD305 CD306 CD307 CD309 CD312 CD314 CD315 CD316 CD317 CD318 CD320 CD321 CD322 CD324 CD325 CD326 CD327 CD328 CD329 CD331 CD332 CD333 CD334 CD335 CD336 CD337 CD338 CD339 CD340 CD344 CD349 CD350

Potency and safety analysis of hemp-derived delta-9 products: The hemp vs. cannabis demarcation problem

Function

Clinical significance

See also

References

Further reading

External links