Laboratory demand management strategies: An overview

ChiShona

General Information
Nyika	Zimbabwe, Vutswana neMozambiki
ISO 639
ISO 639-1	sn
ISO 639-2	sna
ISO 639-3

Chishona (kana Chistandadhi Shona, Chivanhu), mutauro (uye boka remitauro) weChibantu inowanikwa kuChamhembe che Afurika munyika dzinosanganisa Zimbabwe kwairi mutauro wechihofisi uye wo, Mozambiki, Zambia, Afurika Chamhembe ne Bhotswana. Chishona chinemitauro zhinji iripedyo nayo uye nimtauro nyina inosanganisa Chindau, Chikorekore, Chikaranga, Chimanyika, Chibuja (Chibudya), Chitewe, Chitawara (Chitavara). Zvakadaro zvakafanira kuti tionesane kuti kune vamwe vatauri vasingafare kuti vanzi vari muboka remutauro weChishona - ivava vanoona mitauro yavo semitauro yakazvimirira yoga isiri pasi peChishona.

Chishona chinehukama huri pedyo ne Chikalanga, Chivhenda ne Chinambya nokuda kwokuti mitauro yaitarwa ne vanhu vaive (uye vachiine) hukama huri pedyo.

N'wadhi renganonyorwa rekutanga rakanyorwa mugore ra1957 naSolomon Mutswairo rinonzi Feso.

Vanhu vakaronga kuti Chishona chive chinonyoreka ndiClement Doke naGeorge Glynn Fortune.

Kune kusa wirirana kwemanyorerwo emutauro weChishona zvichibva pakuti vatauri vazhinji vari kutadza kubvuma kuvake kwemashoko madiki akaita sekunge anotevera aya: ku, pa, ma, va, aka, zvichingo daro. Zvakafanana nekuvapo kwemashoko anenge I, of, is, for paChirungu. Semuenzaniso, ndima yechipiri kubva kumusoro yaifanira kunyorwa ichiti, "Zvakadaro zvava kufanira kuti tiwonesane kuti kune vamwe vatauri".

Tika kwanisa kunyora tichidai zvinoitanyore kunevanodaka kunyora zvose nekusikamapurogiramu kana svofutiwari^{[C 1]} kana maAphu^{[C 2]} ekuturukira mutauro wedu weChishona.

Bumbiro remabhi eChivanhu

Bumbiro remabhi eChishona (kana Chivanhu) rine mapoka maviri ezvinyoreswa, Zvinzvovera kana Mavaramwana (nge. vowels) ne Zvinzvanyira kana Mavaramai (nge. consonants). Mubumbiro remabhi eChishona mune zvinzvovera zvishanu (5) ne zvinzvovera zvikumimasere-nembiri (82), pasingasanganiswi matarabhi ^{[C 3]}.

Somuenzaniso, 「Dh-」 inzvanyira rakazvimirira, asi 「Dhw-」 itarabhi rinovumbwa kubva pana 「Dh-」. Nokudaro, panoverengerwa 「Dh-」 sechinzvanyira, 「Dhw-」 hariverengerwe nekuti harisi nzvanyia rakazvimirira rineruzha rwaro pacharo, nokuti rinosanganisa zvinzvanyira zva 「Dh-」 na 「W-」uye rinogona kuumbwa nedzimwe nzira).

Tafura ye Mabhi eChivanhu

Zvinzvovera

Zvinzvovera zve Chishona zvishanu basi, mukunyorwa pachitodzwa Umbamukeruro^{[C 4]} ichatsanangurwa pachikamu che zvinzvanyira, pane zvirakidzo zvinoshandiswa kurakidza zvinzvovera. Panonyorwa zvinzvovera kaviri panechirakidzo chinozivisa munyori nemuverengi kuti nzvovera ranyorwa richaverengwa kaviri, chiratidzo ichi chakapuwa zita rokuti ibhidurika. Semuenzaniso, 「-e-」 inzvovera rakazvimirira, pakunyorwa muChishona zvinzvovera hazvishanduriki kunyangwe zvikanyorwa zvichitevedzerana, senge「-ee-」 . Sokudaro, panonyorwa ne Umbamukeruro yakasikirwa Chishona panoshandiswa chiturikwa chinoiswa kurakidza kuti nzvovera ririkurebeswa / kutaurwa kaviri: ë = ee.

Zvinzovera:	A	E	I	O	U
Zvinzvovera zviri:	aa	ee	ii	oo	uu
Muenzaniso:	ä	ë	i:	ö	ṳ

Zvinzvanyira

Tafura yepazasi iyi inotovedzera Umbamukeruro ye Chivanhu yakagadzirwa asi isiri yechihofisi, umbamukeruro irikutevedzerwa inopatsanura Chivanhu ne zvinzvovera uye nezvinzvanyira zvayo sezvinogaro itwa. Asi, inosiyana nekeruro ye Chiratini inoshandiswa pakuti yakadzidza Chivanhu nokuronga keruro yekunyoresa inonanganisana nemabhii anonzwiwa muChivanhu sezvakaita mimwe mitauro yepasirose. Keruro iyi, inoronga zvinzvanyira kutevedzera manzwi anotoodzerana senge 「Ch-」na 「J-」zvichidaro, manzwi iwayo anodanwa sokunzi mabhiihwaro^{[C 5]}, nokuti zvimwe zvivarwa zvemabhii anoumbwa achisanganisa mabhihwaro ne mabhiidurika^{[C 6]}, sengekuti 「Ch- 」na 「W-」zvinovumba 「Chw- 」. Apa Ch- ibhihwaro, W- ibhidurika, chakakosha kuranganira kuti Mabhihwaro ne Mabhidurika zvinzvanyira, asi zvimwe zvinonyorwa sechivarwa chizere zvimwe zvichiwedzerwa sechiturikwa senge kudai: ph = p̄. P ibhihwaro -h ndibhidurika, bhihwaro rinonyorwa, asi bhidurika rinoratidzwa nechivara chekuturika. Patafura yepazasi, zvose mabhihwaro ne mabhidurika acharatidzwa nokuti pano parikungotaura nezvekeruro yamazuvaose yeChivanhu asi ichinyorwa kutodza mutandira weumbamukeruro yatsanangurwa pamusoro.

Mabhihwaro	Mabhidurika			Mabhihwaro	Mabhidurika
	+H	+W (-ua)	+Y (ia)		+H	+W (-ua)	+Y (ia)
B		Bw		P		Pw
BH		Bhw		PH		Phw
BV	Bvh	Bvw		PF	Pfh	Pfw
BZV ^(Chimanyika)		Bzvw		PSV ^(Chimanyika)		Psvw
BG, (BẊ, BKĠ)		Bgw		PẊ (PKĠ)	Pẋh (Pkġh)	Pẋw (Pkġw)
C ^{(Ndau ne Karanga)}	C^h = "Cc"	Cw		X ^{(Ndau ne Karanga)}	Xh	Xhw, Xw
CH	Chh	Chhw, Chw		J	Jh	Jhw, jw	Jy
D	D^h = "Dd"	Dw		Q ^{(Ndau ne Karanga)}	Qh	Qhw, Qw
DH		Dhw	Dhy	T	Th	Thw, Tw	Thy
DHL ^{(Ndau ne Karanga)}		Dhlw		THL ^{(Ndau ne Karanga)}		Thlw
DY	Dyh	Dyhw, Dyw		TY	Tyh	Tyhw, Tyw
DZ	Dzh	Dzhw, Dzw		TS	Tsh	Tshw, Tsw
DZV	Dzvh	Dzvhw, Dzvw		TSV	Tsvh	Tsvhw, Tsvw
DV		Dvw		TV		Tvw
F	Fh	Fw		VH		Vhw
W				V		Vw
H	Hh	Hhw, Hw	Hy	Ẋ / KĠ	Ẋh / Kġh	Pẋw / Kġw
G	Gh	Ghw, Gw	Gy	K	Kh	Khw, Kw	Ky
[KL]	Klh	Klw		[KR]	Krh	Krw
Y	Yh			N'	N'h	N'hw, N'w	N'y
M	Mh	Mhw, Mw		N	Nh	Nhw, Nw
MB	Mbh	Mbhw, Mbw
MV	Mvh	Mvw
MN'	Mn'h	Mn'w		NYN'	Nyn'h	Nyn'w
NY	Nyh	Nyhw, Nyw
NJ	Njh	Njhw, Njw	Njy	NZV	Nzvh	Nzvhw, Nzvw
ND	Ndh	Ndhw, Ndw, Ndyw	Ndy	NTH ^{(kubva kuChindau)}		Nthw
NDHL ^{(Ndau ne Karanga)}		Ndhlw		NTHL ^{(kubva kuChindau)}		Nthlw
NG	Ngh	Nghw, Ngw		NKH ^{(kubva kuChindau)}		Nkhw
NS		Nsw		NZ	Nzh	Nzhw, Nzw
NC ^(Chindau)	Nc^h = "Ncc"	Nccw, Nccw		N'C ^(Chindau)	N'c^h = "N'cc"	N'ccw, N'cw
NX ^(Chindau)	Nxh	Nxhw, Nxw		N'X ^(Chindau)	N'xh	N'xhw, N'xw
NQ ^(Chindau)	Nqh	Nqhw, Nqw		N'Q ^(Chindau)	N'qh	N'qhw, N'qw
GC ^(Chindau)	Gc^h = "Gcc"	Gccw, Gcw		GX ^(Chindau)	Gxh	Gxhw, Gxw
GQ ^(Chindau)	Gqh	Gqhw, Gqw		QX ^(Chindau)	Qxh	Qxw
L	Lh	Lw		R	Rh	Rhw, Rw, Ryw	Ryw
S	S^h = "Ss"	Ssw, Sw		Z	Z^h = "Zz"	Zzw, Zw
SH	Shh	Shhw, Shw		ZH	Zhh	Zhhw, Zhw
SK	Skh	Skhw, Skw
SP	Sph	Spw
ST	Sth	Stw
SV	Svh	Svhw, Svw		ZV	Zvh	Zvhw, Zvw
SVC ^{(kubva kuChikaranga)}	Svcc	Svcw		ZVC ^{(kubva kuChikaranga)}	Zvcc	Zvcw
HL		Hlw		TẊ, TKĠ)		Tẋw / Tkġw

Pamusoro peizvo, mamwe mabhi anonyorwa nezvirakidzo, senge mabhi anoridzwa senge zv-, sv-, dzv- zvichidaro, anezvirakidzo zvinowedzerwa kurakidzwa kuti mabhi ekuridza.

Keruro ye Chiratini

Mabhii eRatini akagadziridzwa kuStandadhi Shona anoratidzaka se zviri pazasi:

Mabhii eChiShona
A	B	BH	CH	D	DH	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	M	N	N'	O	P	R	Rh	S	T	U	V	VH	W	Y	Z	Zh

Tsananguro ye mitauro.

Standadhi Shona hayina C, L, Xne Q, nekuti yakaumbwa nemabhi echiZezuru. C, X uye Q mumitauro ye Bhandu inozivikanwa semabhii e Kudzvanya, uye muStandadhi Shona kudzvanya kunoonekera zvakareuruka muzvinzvanyira zvakaita sa D. Zvakadaro, rangarirai kuti kunyangwe hazvo zvinzvanyirwa zvataugwa nezvazvo zvisingawanikwe muStandadhi Shona zvirimo mumimwe mitauro ye Shona, senge chiNdau, Chikorekore uye Chikaranga. Chimanyika uye Chizezuru ndiwo mitauro viri yeChishona isina zvinzvanyira C, X na Q.

Ndau, Karanga, Korekore

Mukunyora Chindau, Chikaranga ne Chikorekore chinoshandisa mabhi anoshandiswa ku Standadhi Shona kunyangwe achinzwika zvakasiyana. Chishona chese chinodaro futi, pakazhinji mataurirwo eshoko anogona kusiyana nemanyorerwo aro nekuti hapana nzira yekusiyanisa. Muenzano, zvinzvanyira zvakaita sa:

b na bh, d na dh, m na mh, mb na mbh, n' na n'h, ny na ny'

ne mamwe wo anokwanisa kusiyanaswa, asi

h na hh, nd na ndh, ng na ngh, k na kh, p na ph, t na th, r na rh (dzimwe nguva)

haakwanise kusiyaniswa kunyangwe pakutauro inzwi dzakasiyaniswa.

Mabhi e Chindau

^{Tarisai peji re: Vandau uye Chindau}

Mandau vanhu veChishona, vane hukama huri pedyo ne Samanyika uye Vakaranga, munhoorondo yavo zvinozivikanwa kuti Vandau vakasvikirwa ne MaGaza Nguni, vamwe vaka tandanidzwa vamwe vakagarisana navo. Pakugarisana Vandau vapedzisira vane mazita eChinguni, nekuda kweizvi mabhi anenge L, C, X na Q anowanikwa muChindau zvishoma mugirama asi pakazhinji anowanikwa mumazita avo.^[1] Muchindau munhu anonzi munthu kana mundu.

Mabhi anowanikwa muChindau asiri muChistandadhi shona:
kh khw, gq ngq, h hh, ch chh, nt, nth, rh rhy, q qh, x xh, hl hlw, nhl, nx nc nq ndhl, dhl, mhl mp ml,

Mabhi e Chikaranga

Mumitauronyina ye Chikaranga L anowanikwa uye anoshandiswa achipesaniswa na R. Senge kurima/kulima kana kulisa/kurisa.

Uyezve hl, dhl na tl vanoshandiswa zve.

Kutyisa mumimwe mitauronyinsa anotaurwa sa kutlisa,
Kudya kunonzi kudhla

Mazwi anowanikwa muChikaranga ne mitauro nyina asingawanikwe muChistandadhi shona:
l lw, hl hlw, dhl, tl, ndl, mbg bg, nt ndy ndyw, mp

Mabhii ekudhara

Shona yakamboshandisa Keruro yeChiarabhu.^[2]

Keruro ye Chiarabhu.

Rangarirai kuti Shona haicha shandisi Keruro yeChiarabhu, yaishandiswa kudhara uye zvaisava kwenguva yakareba.^[2]

Keruro ye Chiarabhu
Keruro ye Chiarabhu
Kushandiswa kweKeruro yeChiarabhu chakanyorwa muChiswahiri.
Kushandiswa kweKeruro yeChiarabhu muChiswahiri.

Chishona chakafanana neChiswahiri saka mabhii acho aka fanana, uye mamwe mashoko acho akafanana (Vaswahiri vanoti ng'ombe uye Isu tinoti n'ombe tese tichireva cow). Nekuti mabhii emitauro iyi akafanana mabhii eSwahiri eChiarabhu anogona kushandiswa semuenzaniso wemabhii eChishona muChiarabhu.

Keruro ye Chiratini

Kubva muna 1931 kusvika 1955, Chishona chakabatanidzwa yakanyorwa iine mabhii akagadzirwa na muzvinafundo Purofesa/Pwafesa Clement Martyn Doke. Izvi zvaisanganisira tsamba dzinotevera:

ɓ (b ane haka),

ɗ (d ane haka),

ŋ (n ane gumbo),

ȿ (s ane muskwe weswashi),

ʋ (v ane haka),

ɀ (z ane muskwe weswashi).

Mabhii eChishona
Mabhii anhasi	A	B	BH	CH	D	DH	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	M	N		N'	O	P	R	Rh	S	T	U	V	VH	W	Y	Z
Mabhii ekare		ɓ	b	c	ɗ	d		f	g	h		j	k	m	n	nn	ng'		p	l	r	s	t		ʋ	v	w	y	z

Mabhii eChishona
Mabhii anhasi	A	BH	BV	BW	CHW	DH	DY	DZ	E	GW	HW	HY	I	KW	MB	MH	MV	MW	ND	NG	NH	NJ	NY
Mabhii ekare		b		bg	cw	d	dy	dz		gg	hw			kw	mb	mh		mŋ	nd	ŋg	nh	nj	ny

Mabhii anhasi	O	PW	PF	PY	RW	RY	SH	SV	SW	TS	TW	TY	U	VH	ZH	ZV	ZW		N'W
Mabhii ekare		px	pf		rw		sh	ȿ	sw	ts		ty			zh	ɀ							nny

Mabhii eChishona
Mabhii anhasi	A	DZV	DZW	E	MBH	MBW	NDY		NDW	NGW	NHW	NJW	NYW	NZV	NZW	ZHW	TSV	TSW	O	ZHW
Mabhii ekare		dɀ	dzw		mbh	mbg	ndy	nndy		ŋgw	nhw			nɀ	nzw	zhw	tȿ	tsw		zhw

Mitauro ye Chibantu

MaZulu vanoti intshonalanga (n. The west. Lit. where the sun sets. Shona + Ilanga).

Mabviro eruzivo

↑ MacGonagle, Elizabeth. “Living with a Tyrant: Ndau Memories and Identities in the Shadow of Ngungunyana.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 41, no. 1, 2008, pp. 29–53. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40282455. Yakatariswa 10 Chivabvu 2021.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 owlapps, n.d, 'Arabic script',Former Use: Africa; Shona Zimbabwe Yakatariswa: 5 Chikumi 2021

↑ software., kureva svofutiwari
↑ App., Application., kureva Aphu, Aphurikesheni
↑ digraph.,
↑ constructed script..,
↑ base letters; base sounds., base consonant letters or sounds...,
↑ added consonant; added letter...,

[7] MacGonagle, Elizabeth. “Living with a Tyrant: Ndau Memories and Identities in the Shadow of Ngungunyana.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 41, no. 1, 2008, pp. 29–53. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40282455. Yakatariswa 10 Chivabvu 2021.

[:2-8] 2.0 ^2.1 owlapps, n.d, 'Arabic script',Former Use: Africa; Shona Zimbabwe Yakatariswa: 5 Chikumi 2021

[1] software., kureva svofutiwari

[2] App., Application., kureva Aphu, Aphurikesheni

[3] digraph.,

[4] constructed script..,

[5] base letters; base sounds., base consonant letters or sounds...,

[6] added consonant; added letter...,

[C 1]

[C 2]

[C 3]

[C 4]

[C 5]

[C 6]

[1]

[2]