Laboratory demand management strategies: An overview

perzijski; فارسی (Fârsi)
Države govorenja	Iran, Afganistan, Bahrein, Tadžikistan, i određene regije Uzbekistana
Regije govorenja	Uglavnom Srednji istok i Središnja Azija
Broj govornika	materinski jezik: 61–71 milijuna; uključujući strane govornike: 110 milijuna
Rang	19.
Klasifikacija	indoeuropski; indoiranski; iranski; zapadnoiranski; jugozapadnoiranski; perzijski
Službeni status
Služben u	Iran, Tadžikistan i Afganistan
Regulatori	Akademija perzijskog jezika i književnosti, Afganistanska akademija znanosti
Jezični kôd
ISO 639-1	fa
ISO 639-2	per (B) / fas (T) (B)
ISO 639-3	{{{iso3}}}
SIL	razni oblici
p • r •

Persijski (perzijski: فارسی‎ Šablon:IPA-fa — farsi) je jedan od zapadnoiranskih jezika unutar indoiranske grane indoevropske jezičke familije, i službeni je jezik Irana, Avganistana (zvanično poznat kao dari od 1958),^[1] i Tadžikistana (zvanično poznat kao tadžički od sovjetske ere).^[2] Koristi se i u nekim drugim regijama koje su istorijski bile persijanska društva i koje se smatraju delom Velikog Irana. Ovaj jezik se piše persijskim alfabetom, koji je modifikovana varijanta arapskog alfabeta.

Persijski jezik se klasifikuje kao nastavljanje srednjovekovnog persijskog, zvaničnog religioznog i književnog jezika Sasanidskog carstva, koji je nastavljanje staropersijskog, jezika Ahemenidskog carstva.^[3]^[4]^[5] Njegova gramatika je slična sa mnogim savremenim evropskim jezicima.^[6] Persijski je dobio svoje ime po prestonici Ahemenidskog carstva, Persisu (sadašnja pokrajina Fars), stoga se naziva i farsi.^[7] Osoba koja govori persijski se može nazvati persofonom.^[8]

Procenjuje se da oko 110 milionna ljudi širom sveta govori persijski, pri čemu jezik ima zvanični status u Iranu, Avganistanu, i Tadžikistanu. Vekovima je persijski bio prestižni kulturni jezik u drugim regionima zapadne, centralne, i južne Azije u raznim carstvima baziranim u tim regionima.^[9]

Persijski je imao znatan (prevashodno leksikografski) uticaj na susedne jezike, a posebno na turkijske jezike u centralnoj Aziji, Kavkazu, i Anadoliji, susedne iranske jezike, kao i jermenski, gruzinski, i indoarijske jezike, posebno urdu (koji je u osnovi hindustanskog). On je isto tako u izvesnoj meri uticao na arapski, a posebno na bahranski arapski jezik,^[10] ali je isto tako pozajmio znatan deo svog vokabulara iz njega nakon arapskog osvajanja Irana.^[3]^[6]^[11]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Sa dugom istorijom literature u obliku srednjovekovnog persijskog pre islama, persijski je bio prvi jezik u muslimanskom svetu da se probije kroz arapski monopol nad pisanjem, i pisanje poezije u persijskom je uspostavljeno kao dvorska tradicija u mnogim istočnim dvorovima.^[9] Neki od poznatih radova persijske literature su Šahname Firdusija, radovi Rumija, Rubaj Omara Hajama, Panđ ganđ Nezami Gandžavija, Divan Muhameda Hafiza i dve mešavine proze i stihova Saadija - Đulistan i Bustan.

Klasifikacija

Persijski je jedan od zapadnoiranskih jezika unutar indoevropske familije. Drugi zapadnoiranski jezici su kurdski jezici, gilanski, mazenderanski, tališki, i beludžiski. Persijski se klasifikuje kao član jugozapadne grupe među zapadnoiranskim jezicima, zajedno sa ahomskim, kumzarskim, i lurijskim jezikom.^[16]

Ime

Jezik se naziva farsi (فارسی) u Iranu i Avganistanu; parsi (پارسی) je staro ime koje je potisnuto, jer simbol za „p“ ne postoji u arapskom jeziku; tadžički (narečje centralne Azije) ili dari (ime jezika u Avganistanu).

Ovo je spisak najznačajnijih narečja persijskog jezika:

zapadni persijski jezik (Iran)
istočni persijski jezik (Avganistan)
tadžički jezik (Tadžikistan)
hazaragi (Avganistan)
ajmak (Avganistan)
buharski (Uzbekistan)
dehvari (Pakistan)
darvazi (Avganistan)
pahlavani (Avganistan)

Osobine

Iranski jezici, među kojima je persijski, pripadaju porodici indoevropskih jezika. Istorija iranskih jezika započinje još u sedmom veku pre nove ere. Persijski je najznačajniji u grupi iranskih jezika i jedini za koga je, na osnovu pismenih spomenika, dokazano da je postojao kao stari jezik srednjeg doba i savremeni jezik.

Kao indoevropski jezik, persijski ima određenih sličnosti sa ostalim jezicima iz indoevropske porodice, a naročito sa slovenskim jezicima pogotovo na sintaksičkom planu. Takođe, postoje mnoge sličnosti iranskih jezika, pa i farsija, sa južnoslovenskim jezicima.

Persijski jezik je u svom razvoju imao tri glavna perioda: staropersijski jezik (jezik Aveste i Darijevih natpisa), srednjopersijski jezik (pahlavi) i novopersijski jezik, ili samo persijski. On datira od momenta prihvatanja arapskog alfabeta oko 650. godine n. e., kada je, u vreme otpočinjanja islamskog uticaja, poprimio veliki broj arapskih reči, postajući izvanredno bogat jezik. Persijski jezik je pretrpeo tako male promene u toku celog poslednjeg milenijuma, da obrazovan Iranac može čitati rukopise sačinjene vekovima unazad bez posebnih teškoća.

Kada se govori o rečima orijentalnog podrekla najčešće misli na turcizme. U rečniku stranih riječi dr. B. Klaića uz ovaj pojam stoji sledeće objašnjenje: „Turcizam: reč ili izraz turskog porekla“. Međutim, treba dodati da su turcizmi zajednički naziv za sve reči orijentalnog, dakle turskog, persijskog i arapskog porekla, koje su putem turskog jezika počele prodirati u slavenske jezike. Sistematsko širenje turcizama započelo je dolaskom Osmanskih Turaka na Balkan i trajalo je tokom više stoljeća. Na taj su se način i mnoge reči izvorno persijskog porekla ukorenile kao turcizmi.

Pismo

Glavni članak: Persijsko pismo

Drevno persijsko pismo se naziva pahlevi i blisko je jermenskom pismu.

Veći deo modernog persijskog jezika zapisuje se modifikovanim oblikom arapskog pisma. Latinica se koristi kao pomoćno sredstvo u transkripciji i informatičkim tehnologijama. Tadžički jezik, koji predstavlja narečje persijskog sa izvesnim ruskim uticajima, piše se ćirilicom.

Abeceda persijskog jezika ima 32 znaka i još 3 posebna znaka koja to zapravno i nisu, nego su različiti pravopisni oblici za slova, i u slučaju lām alefa, ligatura.

Gramatika

Morfologija

Sufiksi preovlađuju persijskom morfologijom, a broj prefiksa je mali. Glagoli mogu izražavati vreme i vid i kongruiraju sa subjektom u licu i broju. U persijskom jeziku nema rodova pa zamenice nisu označene rodovima.

Sintaksa

Uobičajene izjavne rečenice imaju oblik "(S)(PO)(O)G“. Ovo znači da rečenice uključuju mogući subjekat, prilošku odredbu i objekat ispred obaveznog glagola. Ako je objekat specifičan onda je praćen rečju „rā” (rā) i ide ispred priloške odredbe: "(S)(O+rā)(PO)G“.

Glagoli

-ati, -anti, pehlevijski glagolski koreni

biti, pers. budan – konjugacija:

 književni govorni sam, jesam   pers. hastam  hasam 
si,  jesi    pers. hasti   hasi 
je           pers. hast ili ast -e 
smo, jesmo   pers. hastim  hasim 
ste, jeste   pers. hastid  hasid 
su,  jesu    pers. hastand hasand

dati, pers. dadan, prezentska osnova: deh < srednjopers. prezentska osnova dad < staropers. prezentska osnova data-, imenica: dade
derati, pers. daridan, prezentska osnova: dar
čamiti, pers. čamidan, prezentska osnova: čam
goriti, pers. goridan ili gor gereftan, prezentska osnova: gor, imenica gorre
hteti, pers. hāstan – konjgacija:

hoć(u)   pers. xāh(am)  
hoć(eš)  pers. xāh(i) 
hoć(e)   pers. xāh(ad) 
hoć(emo) pers. xāh(im) 
hoć(ete) pers. xāh(id) 
hoć(e)   pers. xāh(and)

kušati, pokušati, pers. kušidan, prezentska osnova: kuš
lajati, staropers. lāidan, prezentska osnova: lāj
lizati, pers. lisidan, prezentska osnova: lis
napisati, pisati, pers. neveštan ili nebeštan, prezentska osnova: nevis < pehlevijski pers. ni-pis < staropers. ni-piš prefiks: ni + koren: pais
njušiti, novopers. njušidan, prezentska osnova: njuš < pers. prezentska osnova: niyōš- < pehlevijski staropers. prezentska osnova: niγōš < staropers. prezentska osnova: nigauš
peći, staropers. pazidan, prezentska osnova: paz, < pehlevijski pers. glagolski koren pačati-
pohovati, pers. pohtan (pazidan), prezentska osnova: paz, < pehlevijski pers. glagolski koren pačati-
živeti, pers. zistan, prezentska osnova: zi < srednjopers. Ziwistan prezentska osnova: ziw < staropers. Žiwistan, prezentska osnova: živ

Imenice

adrija, pers. daryā: more, srednjopers. drayab < staropers. drayah
Bog, staropers. bağ < sanskrit bağ
ban, avestijski pāna < pers. bān: sufiks koji znači čuvar
brat, pers. baradar < srednjopers. brad(ar) < staropers. bratar
jesen, pers. hazān
kolač, pers. koluče (vrsta kolača)
kuća, pers. kuče (kujče): malo naselje, staropers. kuša, kušan
govedar, pers. gāvdār (gāv: govedo, krava + dār: prezentska osnova od infinitiva daštan imati, držati)
mater, pers. i srednjopers. mādar < staropers. matar
miš, pers. muš
mozak, pers. magz < srednjopersijski mazg < staropersijski mazga-
nov, pers. nov < srednjopers. nōg < staropers. nava-
obrva, pers. abru (u množini: abrovān)
pazuh, pers. bazu (nadlaktica)
poljubac, pers. bus, buse
stan, pers. –stān (sufiks za mesto): obitavalište, mesto, npr. Armanestān: zemlja Armena (Jermenija), Ozbakestān: zemlja Uzbeka (Uzbekistan)
uši, pers. guš < srednjopers. goš < staropers. Guša
vetar, pers. bād < srednjopers. vāt < staropers. vāta
žena, pers. i srednjopers. zan < staropers. žan
zima, pers. zemestān: zem + sufiks za mesto, lokaciju stān < sanskrit hima: sneg, hladnoća (himalaji: stan snega, tamo gde sneg obitava)

Brojevi

dvesta, pers. dvist, devist
jedan, pers. (jek)dāne (književni), jedāne ili jedune (govorni) : jedan, komad nečega

srpskohrvatski	persijski	sanskrt	avestijski
jedan	jek	eka	aeva
dva	do	dva	dva
tri	se	tri	thri
četiri	čahar	čatvar	čathwar
pet	panđ	panča	panča
šest	šeš	šaš	xšvaš
sedam	haft	sapta	hapta
osam	hašt	ašta	ašta
devet	noh	nava	nava
deset	dah	dasa	dasa

Predlozi

iz (od), pers. az
do, pers. tā

Pridevi

tanak, pers. tang
više, pers. biš
znan, pers. šenās < avestijski žnatar
baština, pers. bāstān

Sufiksi

-ar, pers. kar ili gar: sufiks za zanimanje, kao u imenicama govedar, limar, itd. ili u persijskom gāvdār, lahimkār ili lahimgar itd.

Upitne zamenice

šta, pers. če ili či, npr. šta je? pers. (govorni) či-je?
ko, pers. ki, npr. ko je? pers. (govorni) ki-je?

Upitni prilog

kuda, pers. kođā (kodja)

Mesni prilozi

onde, pers. ānđā (onđā) ili āndjā (ondjā)
ovde, staropers. avadā

Reference

↑ Asta Olesen, "Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Volume 3", Psychology Press. (1995). str. 205.: "There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Fārsi – previously dominant at the educational and administrative level – and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Persian came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958"
↑ Baker 2001: str. 518
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4. str. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
↑ Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. str. 1912. Excerpt: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, the Pahlavi language was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
↑ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). Encyclopedia Iranica, "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has since been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 Davis 2006: str. 602–603
↑ „Persian or Farsi?”. parents.berkeley.edu. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 04. 01. 2017. Pristupljeno 27. 2. 2016.
↑ "Modernity and Modernism in Persophone Literary History", Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 Encyclopædia Britannica: Persian literature, retrieved September 2011.
↑ Holes 2001: str. XXX
↑ ^11,0 ^11,1 Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press. 1971. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/{{{2}}}|{{{2}}}]] Uneseni ISBN nije važeći.. pp.
↑ Namazi, Nushin (2008). „Persian Loan Words in Arabic”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 20. 05. 2011. Pristupljeno 1. 6. 2009.
↑ Classe 2000: str. 1057
↑ Ann K. S. Lambton, Persian grammar, Cambridge University Press 1953. "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized".
↑ Most similar languages to Persian, ezglot.com
↑ Windfuhr 1987: str. 523–546

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Tucker, William Thornhill (1850). A pocket dictionary of English and Persian. J. Madden. str. 145. Pristupljeno 6. 7. 2011.
Windfuhr, Gernot L. (15. 1. 2009). „Persian”. u: Comrie, Bernard. The World's Major Languages (2 izd.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7.
Wollaston, (Sir) Arthur Naylor (1882). An English-Persian dictionary. W. H. Allen. Pristupljeno 6. 7. 2011.

Vanjske veze

Wikipedia

Perzijski jezik nа Wikipediji

Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website (fa)
Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website (fa)
Persian language Resources (fa)
Persian Language Resources, parstimes.com
Persian language tutorial books for beginners
Haim, Soleiman. New Persian–English dictionary. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934–1936. uchicago.edu
Steingass, Francis Joseph. A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu
UCLA Language Materials Project: Persian, ucla.edu
How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti, Persian Graffiti
Basic Persian language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)

[1] Asta Olesen, "Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Volume 3", Psychology Press. (1995). str. 205.: "There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Fārsi – previously dominant at the educational and administrative level – and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Persian came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958"

[FOOTNOTEBaker2001518-2] Baker 2001: str. 518

[Lazard-3] 3,0 ^3,1 Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4. str. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."

[4] Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. str. 1912. Excerpt: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, the Pahlavi language was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."

[5] Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). Encyclopedia Iranica, "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has since been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."

[FOOTNOTEDavis2006602–603-6] 6,0 ^6,1 Davis 2006: str. 602–603

[7] „Persian or Farsi?”. parents.berkeley.edu. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 04. 01. 2017. Pristupljeno 27. 2. 2016.

[8] "Modernity and Modernism in Persophone Literary History", Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

[Persian_literature-9] 9,0 ^9,1 Encyclopædia Britannica: Persian literature, retrieved September 2011.

[10] Holes 2001: str. XXX

[Lazard,_Gilbert_1971-11] 11,0 ^11,1 Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press. 1971. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/{{{2}}}|{{{2}}}]] Uneseni ISBN nije važeći.. pp.

[Nushin_Namazi-12] Namazi, Nushin (2008). „Persian Loan Words in Arabic”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 20. 05. 2011. Pristupljeno 1. 6. 2009.

[Classe_2000_1057-13] Classe 2000: str. 1057

[lambtonexcerpt-14] Ann K. S. Lambton, Persian grammar, Cambridge University Press 1953. "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized".

[15] Most similar languages to Persian, ezglot.com

[windfuhr1987-16] Windfuhr 1987: str. 523–546

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