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1960年,埃塞尔·M·阿尔伯特(Ethel M. Albert)称,非洲中部的社会是由像种姓一样的社会阶级系统所构成的。[24]类似地,1961年,马奎特(Maquet)指出,卢旺达和蒲隆地的社会也可视作种姓社会。[25]马奎特指出,图西族自认为优势民族,并认为胡图族(人口最多)和特瓦族(人口最少)在卢旺达社会中分列第二、第三。这些种姓内部互相通婚,具有排外性,种姓间流动性也很差。[26]
在咖法(英语:Kingdom of Kafa)也同样存在着一些可视为种姓的制度。“那些在德格政府(Derg)掌权前进行的研究似乎都预设了该地存在着一种类似于种姓系统的社会结构。位在该结构之巅的是卡法(Kafa),其下则有依照职业来划分的铁匠(Qemmo)、织工(Shammano)、诗人(Shatto)和皮匠(Manno)。在这一社会结构下,猎人(Manjo)是最低等级的,其地位和奴隶相等。”[28]位处非洲之角的南埃塞俄比亚也有着社会阶级系统,其中由猎人组成的种姓瓦塔(Wata)仍然是最低等级的。虽然现如今瓦塔使用的是奧羅莫語,他们传统上曾经使用过另外一种语言。[29]
^Wilson, E. O. The Evolution of Caste Systems in Social Insects. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1979, 123 (4): 204–210. JSTOR 986579.
^John Rogers. Caste as a social category and identity in colonial Lanka. Indian Economic Social History Review. February 2004, 41 (1): 51–77. doi:10.1177/001946460404100104.
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These four are the three common "Indo-Euoropean" social tripartition common among ancient Iranian, Indian and Romans with one extra Iranian element (from Yashna xix/17). cf. Frye, p. 54.
^Kāẓim ʻAlamdārī. Why the Middle East Lagged Behind: The Case of Iran. University Press of America. : 72.
^ 17.017.1Elijah Obinna. Contesting identity: the Osu caste system among Igbo of Nigeria. African Identities. 2012, 10 (1): 111–121. doi:10.1080/14725843.2011.614412.
^James B. Watson. Caste as a Form of Acculturation. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Winter 1963, 19 (4): 356–379.
^ 19.019.1Tal Tamari. The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa. The Journal of African History. 1991, 32 (2): 221–250. doi:10.1017/S0021853700025718.
^Dolores Richter. Further considerations of caste in West Africa: The Senufo. Africa. January 1980, 50: 37–54. JSTOR 1158641. doi:10.2307/1158641.
^Ethel M. Albert. Socio-Political Organization and Receptivity to Change: Some Differences between Ruanda and Urundi. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Spring 1960, 16 (1): 46–74.
^Jacques J. Maquet. The Premise of Inequality in Ruanda: A Study of Political Relations in a Central African Kingdom. Oxford University Press, London. 1962: 135–171. ISBN 978-0-19-823168-4.
^Helen Codere. Power in Ruanda. Anthropologica. 1962, 4 (1): 45–85. JSTOR 25604523.
^p. 299. Sayuri Yoshida. Why did the Manjo convert to Protestant? Social Discrimination and Coexistence in Kafa, Southwest Ethiopia? Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, ed. by Svein Ege, Harald Aspen, Birhanu Teferra and Shiferaw Bekele, Trondheim 2009. p. 299-309.
^Diedrich Westermann, Edwin William Smith, Cyril Daryll Forde. Africa. Oxford University Press. 1981: 853.
^I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: 1999), pp.13-14
Béteille, André, Caste, Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan (编), Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, New York, NY; London, UK: Routledge: 136–137, 2002 [2017-09-19], ISBN 978-0-415-28558-2, (原始内容存档于2021-04-15)
Gupta, Dipankar, Caste, Schaefer, Richard T. (编), Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Thousand Oaks: SAGE: 246–250, 2008 [2012-08-05], ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2, (原始内容存档于2021-04-15)
Lagasse, Paul (编), Caste, The Columbia Encyclopedia, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007 [2012-09-24], ISBN 978-0-231-14446-9, (原始内容存档于2016-05-10)
Madan, T. N.; Editors, caste, Encyclopæida Britannica Online, 2012 [2017-09-19], (原始内容存档于2015-05-04)
Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan, Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION), A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers: 194–195, 2006 [2012-08-10], ISBN 978-0-202-30878-4, (原始内容存档于2021-04-15)
Nagar, Richa, caste, Derek Gregory (编), The Dictionary of Human Geography, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, Sarah Whatmore, John Wiley & Sons: 72, 2011 [2012-08-10], ISBN 978-1-4443-5995-4, (原始内容存档于2021-04-15)
Oxford English Dictionary (caste, n., Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989 [2012-08-05], (原始内容存档于2015-09-24)) Quote: caste, n. 2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ... This is now the leading sense, which influences all others.
Parry, Jonathan, Caste, Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (编), Social Science Encyclopedia, London and New York: Routledge: 131, 2003 [2017-09-19], ISBN 978-0-415-28560-5, (原始内容存档于2021-04-15)
Pavri, Firooza, Caste, Tim Forsyth (编), Encyclopedia of International Development, Abingdon, Oxon, OX ; New York, NY: Routledge: 63–, 2004 [2017-09-19], ISBN 978-0-415-25342-0, (原始内容存档于2021-04-15)
Ramu, G. N., Caste, William A. Darity (编), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (Macmillan social science library), Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008 [2012-09-24], ISBN 978-0-02-865967-1, (原始内容存档于2016-05-10)
Roberts, Nathaniel P., Anthropology of Caste, William A. Darity (编), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (Macmillan social science library), Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008 [2012-09-24], ISBN 978-0-02-865967-1, (原始内容存档于2016-03-06)
Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon, caste, A Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press: 66, 2005 [2012-08-10], ISBN 978-0-19-860987-2, (原始内容存档于2021-04-15)
Sooryamoorthi, Radhamany, Caste Systems, Leonard, Thomas M. (editor) (编), Encyclopedia of the Developing World, New York, NY: Routledge: 252–, 2006 [2012-08-05], ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6, (原始内容存档于2021-04-15)
Spectres of Agrarian Territory by David Ludden 11 December 2001
"Early Evidence for Caste in South India", p. 467-492 in Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honor of David G. Mandelbaum, Edited by Paul Hockings and Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, Amsterdam, 1987.