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恋童估計自古有之[9]:29,但直到19世纪后期以前一直没有正式的命名、定義,以及研究。戀童慾(pedophilia erotica)這個單詞是由維也納精神病學家理查德·馮·克拉夫特-埃平於1880年代至1890年代提出[19][20]。許多著者曾在此期間對克拉夫特-埃平的診斷标準進行了預計[20]。這個詞語出現用以形容“針對14歲以下兒童的性侵犯(Violation of Individuals Under the Age of Fourteen)”[64],克拉夫特-埃平介紹幾種兒童性犯罪者的類型,將他們分為心理病理和非心理病理的起源[65]。
奧地利精神病学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德在其1905年著作《性学三论》中將一章節標題命名為“以未性成熟者與動物為性對象(The Sexually immature and Animals as Sexual objects)”。他寫道,純粹的戀童癖極其罕見,其中大多數只是偶爾將青春期前的兒童作為性對象。他認為軟弱的人或具有某種貪欲的人更容易成為戀童癖的慾望對象[68]。
精神病學家弗雷德·S·柏林(Fred S. Berlin)批評DSM-5「採取行動」的定義過於含糊,令產生性幻想,然後自慰的行為和實際接觸兒童皆符合行動的定義。並指其較欠探討戀童者所面對的心理困擾。此外他認為兒童色情作品不應作為診斷的指標,因他們實際與兒童有性接觸的機會很低,而且受警方調查的兒童色情作品觀看者大多沒有與家中的未成年人有性接觸[29]。DSM-5為其他性偏離障碍設立「完全緩解」指標,唯獨恋童障碍沒有。皮爾·布里肯(Peer Briken)等人認為DSM-5不應在沒有證據的情況下表明戀童持續終生,且不應把以性為重點的性興趣稱為含有愛戀成分的性取向[106]。
目前無證據證明恋童是能夠改變的[5][9]:209,安娜·康拉德(Anna Konrad)等研究者批評此一目標毫無可行性[36]。現時大多數的治療方案都聚焦於幫助恋童障碍者避免為他們的欲望犯下罪行[9]:209。儘管一些治療方法宣稱能夠改變恋童偏好,但迄今仍没研究證明其能長期地改變一個人的性偏好[113]。性學家麥克爾·斯圖(英语:Michael C. Seto)指出,任何嘗試改變成年人戀童偏好的療法都不太可能成功,因為它的發展受到產前因素影響[31]。約翰·霍普金斯性障礙診所的創始人弗雷德·柏林(英语:Fred Berlin)認為,戀童是繼同性戀或異性戀之后最難改變的性偏好[114]。但是可幫助恋童障礙者控制自己的行為、讓他們接受自己、控制共病及精神問題[36][115]。
^ 3.03.1Rathus, Spencer A.; Nevid, Jeffrey S.; Lois, Fichner-Rathus. Human Sexuality in a Changing World. 2018: 498-499. ISBN 9780134525068. Pedophilia is a paraphilia (see Chapter 14) in which an adult finds children to be the preferred and sometimes exclusive objects of sexual desire.
^Worthen, Meredith G. F. Sexual Deviance and Society; A Sociological Examination Second Edition. Routledge. 2022: 435. ISBN 978-0-367-53941-2. doi:10.4324/9781003089186. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
^ 5.005.015.025.035.045.055.065.075.085.095.10Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision, 5th Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2022: 794–796. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6. if they report an absence of feelings of guilt, shame, or anxiety about these impulses and are not functionally limited by their paraphilic impulses (according to self-report, objective assessment, or both), and their self-reported and legally recorded histories indicate that they have never acted on their impulses, then these individuals have a pedophilic sexual interest but not pedophilic disorder.
^ 6.06.16.26.3Beier, Klaus M. Managing Paraphilic Interests in the Community An International Perspective. Craig, L. A.; Bartels, R. M. (编). Sexual Deviance: Understanding and Managing Deviant Sexual Interests and Paraphilic Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. 2021: 268-281. ISBN 9781119706007. doi:10.1002/9781119771401.ch17. In this case, the DSM-5 and ICD-11 use the term “paraphilic disorder” and distinguish it from paraphilia (without significant distress or danger to others).This is true for pedophilia as well,which—according to the DSM-5—is now primarily seen as a sexual orientation/sexual interest and not as a disorder.
^ 10.010.110.2LeVay, Simon; Baldwin, Janice; Baldwin, John. Discovering Human Sexuality 5th. Oxford University Press. 2020: 433–437. ISBN 9781605357164.
^ 11.011.1ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization. 2022 [2018-07-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-01). Pedophilic disorder is characterised by a sustained, focused, and intense pattern of sexual arousal—as manifested by persistent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, or behaviours—involving pre-pubertal children. In addition, in order for Pedophilic Disorder to be diagnosed, the individual must have acted on these thoughts, fantasies or urges or be markedly distressed by them.
^ 12.012.112.212.3Stinson, Jill D.; Becker, Judith V. Pedophilic Disorder. Phenix, Amy; Hoberman, Harry M. (编). Sexual Offending Predisposing Antecedents, Assessments and Management. Springer. 2016 [2024-03-05]. ISBN 978-1-4939-2415-8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_2. (原始内容存档于2023-06-27).
^Fedorof, J. Paul. The Paraphilias Changing Suits in the Evolution of Sexual Interest Paradigms. Oxford University Press. 2020: 115. ISBN 978-0190466329.
^Gosselin, Jennifer T.; Bombardier, Michael. Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilic Disorders. Maddux, James E.; Winstead, Barbara A. (编). Psychopathology Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding. Routledge. 2019: 305–340. ISBN 9780429647871. S2CID 142237723.
^Maddan, Sean; Pazzani, Lynn. Sex Offenders Crimes and Processing in the Criminal Justice System. Aspen Publishing. 2022: 71. ISBN 9781543817607.
^LaCapria, Kim. American Psychiatric Association Condones Pedophilia. Snopes. 2016-04-29 [2024-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-08) (英语). It's also true that the DSM-5 slightly adjusted their classification of pedophilia, defining it as 'a sexual orientation or profession of sexual preference devoid of consummation,'
^ 32.032.132.2Lievesley, Rebecca; Harper, Craig. Understanding Minor Attraction. Craig, L. A.; Bartels, R. M. (编). Sexual Deviance: Understanding and Managing Deviant Sexual Interests and Paraphilic Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. 2021: 268-281. ISBN 9781119706007. doi:10.1002/9781119771401.ch8.
^Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (21): 45–101. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616.
^Okami, P. & Goldberg, A. (1992). "Personality Correlates of Pedophilia: Are They Reliable Indicators?", Journal of Sex Research, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 297–328. "For example, because an unknown percentage of true pedophiles may never act on their impulses or may never be arrested, forensic samples of sex offenders against minors clearly do not represent the population of "pedophiles", and many such persons apparently do not even belong to the population of "pedophiles"."
^ 36.036.136.236.3Konrad, Anna; et al. Therapeutic Options. Beier, Klaus M. (编). Pedophilia, Hebephilia and Sexual Offending against Children: The Berlin Dissexuality Therapy (BEDIT). Springer. 2021: 27–42 [2024-03-05]. ISBN 978-3-030-61261-0. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61262-7_3. (原始内容存档于2024-04-13).
^Seto, Michael C.; Augustyn, Carissa; Roche, Kailey M.; Hilkes, Gabriella. Empirically-based dynamic risk and protective factors for sexual offending. Clinical Psychology Review. 2023, 106: 102355. PMID 37951100. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102355.
^Mihailides S, Devilly GJ, Ward T. Implicit cognitive distortions and sexual offending. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2004, 16 (4): 333–350. PMID 15560415. doi:10.1177/107906320401600406.
^Banse, R.; Koppehele-Gossel, J.; Kistemake, L. M.; Werner, V.A.; Schmidt, A. F. Pro-criminal attitudes, intervention, and recidivism. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2013, 18 (6): 673–685. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.024.
^Szumski, Filip; Bartels, Ross M.; Beech, Anthony R.; Fisher, Dawn. Distorted cognition related to male sexual offending: The multi-mechanism theory of cognitive distortions (MMT-CD). Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2018, 39: 139-151. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.001.
^Quayle, Ethel. Online Sexual Deviance and Pedophilia. Craig, L. A.; Bartels, R. M. (编). Sexual Deviance: Understanding and Managing Deviant Sexual Interests and Paraphilic Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. 2021: 222–237. ISBN 9781119706007. doi:10.1002/9781119771401.ch14.
^Houtepen, J. A; Sijtsema, J. J.; Bogaerts, S. From child pornography offending to child sexual abuse: A review of child pornography offender characteristics and risks for cross-over. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2014, 19 (5): 466-473. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.011.
^ 47.047.1Joyal, CC, Plante-Beaulieu, J. & De Chanterac, A. The neuropsychology of sexual offenders: A meta-analysis.. Journal of Sexual Abuse. 2014, 26: 149–177. doi:10.1177/1079063213482842.
^Joyal, Christian C. Problems and controversies with psychiatric diagnoses of paraphilia. Craig, L. A.; Bartels, R. M. (编). Sexual Deviance: Understanding and Managing Deviant Sexual Interests and Paraphilic Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. 2021: 91-116. ISBN 9781119706007. doi:10.1002/9781119771401.ch6.
^Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., & Robichaud, L. K. (2006). Biological factors in the development of sexual deviance and aggression in males. In Howard E. Barbaree; William L. Marshall. The Juvenile Sex Offender. Guilford Press. 2008-06-19: 77 [2018-01-28]. ISBN 978-1-59385-978-7. (原始内容存档于2020-08-19).
^Kruger, Tillmann H. C.; Kneer, Jonas. Neurobiological Basis of Sexual Deviance. Craig, L. A.; Bartels, R. M. (编). Sexual Deviance: Understanding and Managing Deviant Sexual Interests and Paraphilic Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. 2021: 67–88. ISBN 9781119706007. doi:10.1002/9781119771401.ch5.
^Bártová, Klára; Klapilová, Kateřina. Male Sexual Disorders. Shackelford, Todd K. (编). The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology: Volume 4 Controversies, Applications, and Nonhuman Primate Extensions. Cambridge University Press. 2022: 252–273. ISBN 9781108943581. doi:10.1017/9781108943581.013.
^ 53.053.1Edwards, M. (1997) "Treatment for Paedophiles; Treatment for Sex Offenders". Paedophile Policy and Prevention, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series (12), 74-75.
^Studer LH, Aylwin AS. Pedophilia: The problem with diagnosis and limitations of CBT in treatment. Medical Hypotheses. 2006, 67 (4): 774–781. PMID 16766133. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.030.
^Barbaree, H. E., and Seto, M. C. (1997). Pedophilia: Assessment and Treatment. Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. 175-193.
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^Suchy, Y., Whittaker, W.J., Strassberg, D., & Eastvold, A. Facial and Prosodic Affect Recognition Among Pedophilic and Nonpedophilic Criminal Child Molesters. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2009, 21 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1177/1079063208326930.
^Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P., & Dickey, R. Phallometric comparison of pedophilic interest in nonadmitting sexual offenders against stepdaughters, biological daughters, other biologically related girls, and unrelated girls. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2006, 18 (1): 1–14. S2CID 42560743. doi:10.1177/107906320601800101.
^Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment". In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior (pp. 207–220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics.
^ 64.064.164.2Von Krafft-Ebing, Richard. Psychopathia Sexualis. Translated to English by Francis Joseph Rebman. Medical Art Agency. 1922: 552–560. ISBN 1-871592-55-0.
^Shetty, Abhi; et al. Pedophilia. Corona, Giovanni; Jannini, Emmanuele A.; Maggi, Mario (编). Emotional, Physical and Sexual Abuse: Impact in Children and Social Minorities. Springer. 2014: 1–16. ISBN 9783319067872.
^Roudinesco, Élisabeth (2009). Our dark side: a history of perversion,p. 144. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Polity, ISBN 978-0-7456-4593-3
^Lawrence, Amy L.; Willis, Gwenda M. Understanding and Challenging Stigma Associated With Sexual Interest in Children: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sexual Health. 2020, 33: 144-162. S2CID 234145851. doi:10.1080/19317611.2020.1865498.
^Chenier, Elise. The Natural Order of Disorder: Pedophilia, Stranger Danger and the Normalising Family. Sexuality & Culture. 2012, 16: 172–186. S2CID 145612112. doi:10.1007/s12119-011-9116-z.
^Neuillya, M.; Zgobab, K. Assessing the Possibility of a Pedophilia Panic and Contagion Effect Between France and the United States. Victims & Offenders. 2006, 1 (3): 225–254. S2CID 144284647. doi:10.1080/15564880600626122.
^Bailey, J. Michael. Ideological Bias in Sex Research. Frisby, Craig L.; Redding, Richard E.; O'Donohue, William T.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (编). Ideological and Political Bias in Psychology: Nature, Scope, and Solutions. Springer. 2023: 779–803. ISBN 9783031291470. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29148-7_29.
^Jenkins, Philip. Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain. Aldine Transaction. 1992: 75. ISBN 0-202-30436-1. In the 1970s, the pedophile movement was one of several fringe groups whose cause was to some extent espoused in the name of gay liberation.
^Salkin, Allen; Happy Blitt. Web Site Hunts Pedophiles and TV Goes Along. The New York Times (New York, New York). 2006-12-13 [2012-03-16]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-24). 'Every waking minute he's on that computer,' said his mother, Mary Erck-Heard, 46, who raised her son after they fled his father, whom she described as alcoholic. Mr. Von Erck legally changed his name from Phillip John Eide, taking his maternal grandfather's family name, Erck, and adding the Von.
^Jewkes Y. Media and crime. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. 2004: 76–77. ISBN 0-7619-4765-5.
^Paraphilic disorders. World Health Organization. 2023 [2023-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-01). Atypical patterns of sexual arousal that do not involve actions towards others whose age or status renders them unwilling or unable to consent or that are not associated with marked distress or significant risk of injury or death are not considered to be Paraphilic Disorders.
^ 102.0102.1世界衛生組織. ICD-11精神、行为与神经发育障碍临床描述与诊断指南. 王振、黄晶晶譯. 人民卫生出版社. 2023. ISBN 9787117348485.
^Craig, Leam A.; Bartels, Ross M. An Overview of Sexual Deviance and Paraphilic Disorders. Craig, L. A.; Bartels, R. M. (编). Sexual Deviance: Understanding and Managing Deviant Sexual Interests and Paraphilic Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. 2021: 3-22. ISBN 9781119706007. doi:10.1002/9781119771401.ch1.
^Pedophilia互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2006-05-08. DSM at the Medem Online Medical Library
^Levenson, Jill S.; Grady, Melissa D; Morin, ohn W. Beyond the “Ick Factor”: Counseling Non-offending Persons with Pedophilia. Clinical Social Work Journal. 2020, 48: 380–388. S2CID 189872741. doi:10.1007/s10615-019-00712-4.
^O'Donohue, William T.; Kahler, Julie; Bennett, Natalie; Cirlugea, Olga; Benuto, Lorraine. Paraphilias: An Overview of the Current State of the Field. McKay, Dean; Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Storch, Eric A. (编). Treatments for Psychological Problems and Syndromes. Wiley-Blackwell. 2017: 376–395. ISBN 978-1-118-87700-5. S2CID 212643163.
^Barbaree, H. E., Bogaert, A. F., & Seto, M. C. (1995). Sexual reorientation therapy for pedophiles: Practices and controversies. In L. Diamant & R. D. McAnulty (Eds.), The psychology of sexual orientation, behavior, and identity: A handbook (pp. 357–383). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
^Barbaree, H. C., & Seto, M. C. (1997). Pedophilia: Assessment and treatment. In D. R. Laws & W. T. O'Donohue (eds.), Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 175–193). New York: Guildford Press.
^Maguth Nezu C.; Fiore A. A.; Nezu A. M. Problem Solving Treatment for Intellectually Disabled Sex Offenders. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2006, 2: 266–275. doi:10.1002/9780470713488.ch6.
^ 125.0125.1125.2Thibaut, Florence; et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) 2020 guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of paraphilic disorders. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2020, 21 (6): 412-490. PMID 32452729. S2CID 218894543. doi:10.1080/15622975.2020.1744723.
LeVay, Simon. Pedophilia. Attraction, Love, Sex: The Inside Story. Columbia University Press. 2023: 163–177. ISBN 978-0231204507. JSTOR 10.7312/leva20450. doi:10.7312/leva20450.
Harkins, Gillian. Virtual Pedophilia: Sex Offender Profiling and U.S. Security Culture. Duke University Press. 2020. ISBN 978-1478008118. JSTOR j.ctv1220q2b. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1220q2b.
Berlin, Fred S. Pedophilia. The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. John Wiley & Sons: 882–885. 2015. ISBN 978-1405190060. doi:10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs337.