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神經科學同心理學等嘅認知科學領域會對腦進行研究:廿一世紀初嘅認知科學一般同意心腦同一論(identity theory),主張腦就係心靈嘅所在,會當正腦係一部生物版嘅電腦噉-呢啲領域嘅科學家普遍認為,腦同數碼電腦一樣會由外界吸收資訊、儲起啲資訊同埋處理啲資訊,分別只不過係腦用神經電流機制表示同處理資訊,數碼電腦用嘅就係電子機制;基於呢個諗法而搞嘅認知科學研究喺廿世紀取得咗相當嘅成功,而且人工神經網絡等嘅諗頭仲啟發咗 AI 上嘅突破[2][9]。
原版英文:"Brain, the mass of nerve tissue in the anterior end of an organism. The brain integrates sensory information and directs motor responses; in higher vertebrates it is also the centre of learning."
個腦有幾個區專門處理有關身體郁動嘅資訊,會直接噉連接去條脊椎嗰度:喺呢個系統入面最低層嘅係延髓同腦橋嗰啲運動區域,呢啲區幫手控制一啲好自動化嘅郁動,好似係行路、唞氣同吞嘢等維持生命必需、但通常都唔能夠有意識噉控制嘅身體功能;個系統高層啲嘅部份包含咗中腦嘅某啲部份,呢啲區域會負責協調手同腳嘅郁動;個系統再上少少就係主要運動皮層(primary motor cortex),呢個區係大腦皮層嘅其中一橛,位於額葉(frontal lobe)最近後尾枕嗰頭-即係差唔多喺正個腦最上,主要運動皮層會向佢下面嗰啲運動系統區域同脊椎傳訊號,並且做最精細同經過思考嘅郁動[61]。
呢兩種睡眠會喺隻動物瞓緊覺嗰陣交替噉出現,而 NREM 仲有得細分做深同淺兩種。喺隻動物進行 NREM 嘅時候,成塊大腦皮層都會出現大幅度兼且同步嘅腦電波;而喺隻動物進行 REM 嗰陣,佢嘅眼珠會快速噉郁嚟郁去,更加令科學家覺得得意嘅係,根據對人類 REM 嘅研究,REM 時期通常就係個人發夢嘅時期[79]。
喺西方世紀,學者喺好幾個世紀之前經已喺度詏性格同智能呢啲心靈素質到底係天生定係由成長環境造成嘅-呢啲辯論就係所謂嘅先天定後天(nature versus nurture)爭詏[86]。廿一世紀初嘅神經科學經已清楚表明,先天同後天因素都能夠對腦嘅特性產生影響[註 6]:基因會決定個腦大致上嘅形態,而且亦都會影響個腦點樣對經驗起反應;但喺個腦嘅好多部位,喺某啲重要時期(critical period)嘅經驗會決定嗮-或者至少強烈影響-嗰個部位嘅發育歷程(可以睇吓銘印),例如係有實驗證據顯示,同對照動物比起上嚟,喺一個多嘢玩多地方探索嘅環境之下成長嘅動物會生到厚啲嘅大腦皮層出嚟,而且突觸之間嘅連結會強啲-一般認為噉反映喺充滿刺激嘅環境下成長嘅動物嘅腦會發育得好啲[87][88]。
心靈哲學(philosophy of mind)係哲學嘅一門,專門思考心靈相關嘅問題。廿一世紀初嘅心靈哲學同埋相關科學領域多數都認同心腦同一論(identity theory),意思即係主張腦等同於心靈。根據典型嘅心腦同一論,心靈入面發生嘅事-好似係感知、思緒同想像等等-每件都係同腦入面發生嘅某啲物理事件(例如神經細胞之間嘅訊號)有所對應[138]。
原版英文:"The logical objections which might be raised to the statement 'consciousness is a process in the brain' are no greater than the logical objections which might be raised to the statement 'lightning is a motion of electric charges'."
粵文翻譯:對於『意識係腦裏面嘅一個過程』呢一句陳述能夠作出嘅邏輯反駁,並唔大過對『閃電係電荷嘅郁動』呢一句陳述能夠作出嘅邏輯反駁。
"Der Leib ist eine grosse Vernunft... Werkzeug deines Leibes ist auch deine kleine Vernunft, mein Bruder, die du "Geist" nennst, ein kleines Werk - und Spielzeug deiner grossen Vernunft."
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