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牛頓嘅萬有引力定律(Newton's law of universal gravitation)係一個有可否證性嘅理論。呢條定律講嘅係,是但搵兩嚿有質量嘅物體,兩嚿嘢之間會互相產生一鼓力 吸引住對方。呢股引力嘅大細同兩嚿嘢嘅質量相乘()成正比,同佢哋之間嘅距離嘅平方()成反比,同兩嚿嘢嘅化學特性唔啦更。牛頓佢仲提出咗一條數學方程式嚟計兩嚿嘢之間嘅引力[9]:
科學理論(scientific theory)係指科學上嘅理論。「理論」呢個詞語喺日常用語度好多時都係指「一啲可能有根據,但未必真係有根據嘅講法」,好似係英文入面就有「只係一個理論」(is just a theory)呢句嘢,意思即係話某一個諗法只係斷估,未必信得過;而喺呢個咁廣泛嘅定義之下,好多嘢都可以算係「理論」-例如係「宇宙係由上帝創造嘅」呢句嘢,喺呢個噉嘅定義之下都算係理論[31]。
進化論(theory of evolution)係廿一世紀初嘅科學上好有影響力嘅一個科學理論。根據呢個理論嘅最廣義版本,一個種群嘅生物內部各基因嘅出現頻率會隨住時間而一代一代噉慢慢改變,呢個過程就係所謂嘅進化[33],而且進化仲有得細分做微進化(microevolution)同埋宏進化(macroevolution)兩種,當中後者係指進化引起嘅變化大到令進化前後兩個種群成為咗兩個唔同嘅物種[34];進化論合乎嗮科學理論嘅三大特性:
假說(hypothesis)喺科學上係指一啲由科學理論嗰度推理出嚟(「如果個理論係真,噉 H 呢句嘢應該會係真」,當中 H 就係一句假說),有可以直接噉驗證,但未經證實。每當有科學家提出新嘅理論去解釋某啲打前解釋唔到嘅現象嗰陣,科學界通常第一時間想做嘅嘢就係會想去搵啲方法嚟去驗證吓個理論。佢哋會由個理論嗰度開始諗吓「如果個理論係真嘅,會引起啲乜嘢假說」,跟住佢哋就會去設計啲實驗出嚟去驗證吓呢啲假說。例如係頭先講咗嘅進化論噉[37]:
根據進化論,一個種群有可能喺短時間之內啲基因頻率一代代噉變;
噉如果攞(例如)一個種群嘅飛蛾嚟睇,設 做其中一個基因喺呢個種群入面出現嘅頻率;如果進化論係真確嘅,應該會有最少一個 會喺幾代之間唔同咗-而假設有現代嘅遺傳學知識,「會有最少一個 會喺幾代之間唔同咗」呢句假說有得靠直接嘅觀察嚟驗證。喺成個諗嘢過程入面,研究者用咗「如果...,噉應該...」(if... then...)嘅邏輯-「如果 A 係真,噉 B 應該都會係真」,既然係噉,如果發現咗 B 唔係真,噉 A 就應該唔係真。「有最少一個 會喺幾代之間唔同咗」呢句嘢喺呢度就係一個假說:句嘢由進化論嗰度推理出嚟,有得用觀察驗證[38]。
需求定律(law of demand):一條經濟學(研究資源分配嘅社會科學)上嘅定律;需求定律係講緊話,假設第啲因素唔變,當一件貨品嘅價錢升,對件貨品嘅需求量(指消費者有能力同肯買幾多件)會跟住跌,反之亦然;簡單嚟講,即係話「一樣嘢愈貴就愈少人買」。呢條定律入面有兩個變數:價錢同需求量,而呢條定律話佢哋之間有住反比嘅關係[41]。
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