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固定智能()係指建基於知識而展現出嚟嘅有智能行為,例如兩個人 A 君同 B 君,兩個推理能力都一樣咁勁,但 A 君已有嘅數學知識多啲,所以如果兩個人齊齊做「由手上嘅數學知識推理出新知識」嘅話,A 君表現好啲-A 君嘅 高啲;
相比之下,流動智能()係指唔使咩知識都可以展現得到出嚟嘅智能,例如兩個人 A 君同 B 君,兩個人嘅知識都一樣,然後兩個一齊學一樣技能(例如係鬭木或者畫畫呀噉),發覺 A 君學得快啲-「唔靠先前知識」展示出嘅智能就係所謂嘅 。有好多人都認為, 係智商測試應該要集中量度嘅嘢,所以啲智商測試好多時都盡可能會設計到(例如)唔使用語言-一種前置知識-都可以作答,例子可以睇里墳氏標準推理測驗嘅設計噉(下面)。
家陣有位心理測量學家阿 A,阿 A 搵咗 50 條題目返嚟,假設佢有充分嘅理由相信一個人喺拃題目上嘅表現(可觀察變數)係反映佢智能(潛在變數)嘅,跟住阿 A 再搵一大班受試者返嚟(樣本),叫受試者做呢個測試,最後得出每位受試者喺個測試度嘅分數,即係攞到好似以下噉嘅數據[22]:
受試者 1:40 分
受試者 2:36 分
受試者 3:17 分
...
另一方面,又有另一位研究者阿 B 做咗份噉嘅研究,都係 50 條題目,但啲題目同阿 A 嘅唔同,然後又有研究者阿 C 做咗份噉嘅研究,但佢份研究係用咗 100 條題目。噉問題嚟喇-到底佢哋要點樣比較佢哋啲數據呢?阿 A 話佢啲受試者平均得分係 40.5 分,阿 B 話佢啲受試者平均得分係 30.9 分,阿 C 話佢啲受試者平均得分係 67.1 分,不過因為佢哋根本冇共同嘅計量單位,就噉比較啲數值係冇意義嘅[23][24]。
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