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愛卡夫式恐怖係指透過展示人嘅微不足道令讀者覺得驚嘅恐怖故仔,例子有美國作家 H. P. 愛卡夫嘅作品。喺呢啲故仔入面,威脅主角生存嘅力量係一啲規模極宏大嘅事物,例如係一個外形極古怪、身體好似星球咁大、力量無邊、而且當人類係玩具噉玩嘅神,呢個神用各種方法玩弄主角,將啲恐怖靈異生物逐一派去殺主角,而喺主角辛苦一輪逃離啲生物嘅追殺之後,個神淨係笑咗笑,再不費吹灰之力一吓殺死主角-令讀者感覺到人係幾咁微細同無力[55]。
↑Carey, Gary; Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (1999), A Multicultural Dictionary of Literary Terms, Jefferson: McFarland & Company.
↑ 3.03.1Lunsford, Andrea A.; Horowitz, Franklin E. (2005), The Everyday Writer (3rd ed.), Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
↑ 4.04.14.2Maria DiBattista (2011). Novel Characters: A Genealogy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 14–20.
↑Myers, D. G. (2006). The Elephants Teach: Creative Writing since 1880. University of Chicago Press. 1427 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637.
↑ 6.06.1Harmon, William (2012), A Handbook to Literature (12th ed.), Boston: Longman.
↑Hodge, et al. 2002. Utilizing Traditional Storytelling to Promote Wellness in American Indian events within any given narrative.
↑The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, New York: Random House, 1979.
↑ 9.09.1Toolan, M. (2001). Narrative: A Critical Linguistic Introduction. Interface. London: Routledge. p. 2,我引咗嗰段文嘅英文原文:"Narrative is a perceived sequence of non-randomly connected events, typically involving, as the experiencing agonist, humans or quasi-humans, or other sentient beings, from whose experience we human can learn."
↑Sternberg, M., 2010. Narrativity: from objectivist to functional paradigm. Poetics Today, 31, 507-659.
↑ 11.011.1Schmid, W. (2010). Narratology: an introduction. Walter de Gruyter. p. 8-12.
↑Karimi, Edith (2016). Mimetische Bildung durch Märchen: Phantasie, Narration, Moral [Mimetic education through Märchen: phantasy, narration, morality]. European Studies in Education (in German). 34. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. p. 110. ISBN 9783830984726. Retrieved 2018-10-25. Manche Märchen ordnet [August] Nitschke den Jägern und Hirten der letzten Eiszeit zu, andere den Bauern und Fischern im Mesolithikum, wieder andere den Seefahrern der Meglithgesellschaft oder den Helden der Indogermanen. [August Nitschke assigns many fairy-tales to the hunters and herders of the last Ice Age, other ones to the farmers and fisherfolk of the Mesolithic, and still other ones to the seafarers of the megalith cultures or to the heroes of the Indo-European peoples.]
↑Steiff, Josef (2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Independent Filmmaking. Alpha Books.
↑ 24.024.1Jose, P. E., & Brewer, W. F. (1984). Development of story liking: Character identification, suspense, and outcome resolution. Developmental Psychology, 20(5), 911.
↑Fenske, C. (2008). Muggles, monsters and magicians: A literary analysis of the Harry Potter series (Vol. 2). Peter Lang.
↑Rozelle, Ron (2005). Write Great Fiction: Description & Setting. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books.
↑Mark J.P. Wolf (2014). Building Imaginary Worlds: The Theory and History of Subcreation. Routledge.
↑Ansen Dibell, Ph.D. (1999-07-15). Plot. Elements of Fiction Writing. Writer's Digest Books. pp. 5 f. ISBN 978-0-89879-946-0. Plot is built of significant events in a given story – significant because they have important consequences. Taking a shower isn't necessarily plot... Let's call them incidents ... Plot is the things characters do, feel, think or say, that make a difference to what comes afterward.
↑ 30.030.1Foster-Harris (1960). The Basic Formulas of Fiction. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
↑ 31.031.1Griffith, Kelley (2010), Writing Essays about Literature (8 ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 40.
↑ 36.036.1Hühn, Peter; Sommer, Roy (2012). "Narration in Poetry and Drama". The Living Handbook of Narratology. Interdisciplinary Center for Narratology, University of Hamburg.
↑ 37.037.1Boris Uspensky, A Poetics of Composition: The Structure of the Artistic Text and Typology of Compositional Form, trans. Valentina Zavarin and Susan Wittig (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973).
↑ 38.038.1Susan Sniader Lanser, The Narrative Act: Point of View in Prose Fiction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1981).
↑James L. Resseguie, "Point of View," in How John Works: Storytelling in the Fourth Gospel, ed. Douglas Estes and Ruth Sheridan (Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016), 83-5.
↑Elnahla, N. The Other Beyond the Wall: A Postcolonial Reading of George RR Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire and HBO's Game of Thrones.
↑Hartner, Marcus. "Multiperspectivity". The Living Handbook of Narratology. University of Hamburg.
↑Caracciolo, P., & Hassenstab, C. (1988). Arabian Nights In English Literature: Studies In The Reception Of The Thousand And One Nights Into. Springer.
↑ 44.044.1"Soft SF," Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, ed. John Clute and Peter Nicholls, 1995,
↑ 45.045.145.2Saricks, J. G. (2001). The readers' advisory guide to genre fiction. American Library Association.
↑Luckhurst, R. (2010). Science fiction. The Encyclopedia of Literary and Cultural Theory.
↑Asimov, "How Easy to See the Future!", Natural History, 1975,原文:"Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology."
↑Heinlein, Robert A.; Cyril Kornbluth; Alfred Bester; Robert Bloch (1959). The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism. University of Chicago: Advent Publishers,原文:"A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method."
↑Pierce, J. J. (1993). The literary experience of hard science fiction. Science Fiction Studies, 176-183.
↑ 50.050.1Neil Barron, Horror Literature: A Reader's Guide. New York: Garland, 1990.
↑Cruz, R. A. L. (2012). "Mutations and Metamorphoses: Body Horror is Biological Horror". Journal of Popular Film and Television. 40 (4): 160-168.
↑Nguyen, Trung (20 December 2016). History of Humans. Is There a God?. 3. EnCognitive. ASIN B01MS00MUT. Cosmicism [is] [t]he literary philosophy…stating that there is no recognizable divine presence, such as God, in the universe, and that humans are particularly insignificant in the larger scheme of intergalactic existence.
↑Regis, P. (2013). A natural history of the romance novel. University of Pennsylvania Press.
↑Fox, Robert C. (September 1962). "Elizabeth Bennet: Prejudice or Vanity?". Nineteenth-Century Fiction. 17 (2): 185–187.
↑Gao, Haiyan (February 2013). "Jane Austen's Ideal Man in Pride and Prejudice". Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 3 (2): 384-388.
↑Poulin, R. (2012). Graphic design and architecture, a 20th century history: a guide to type, image, symbol, and visual storytelling in the modern world. Rockport Pub.
↑Nash, C. (Ed.). (2005). Narrative in culture: The uses of storytelling in the sciences, philosophy and literature. Routledge.
↑ 66.066.1Abell. P. (1987) The Syntax of Social Life: the theory and Method of Comparative Narratives, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
↑Abell, P. (1993) Some Aspects of Narrative Method, Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 18. 1-25.
↑Abell, P. (2009). A Case for Cases, Comparative Narratives in Sociological Explanation, Sociological Methods and Research, 32, 1-33.
↑Abell, P. (2011) Singular Mechanisms and Bayesian Narratives in ed. Pierre Demeulenaere, Analytical Sociology and Social Mechanisms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
↑Abell, P. (2009) History, Case Studies, Statistics and Causal Inference, European Sociological review, 25, 561–569.
↑Mani, I. (2014). Computational narratology. Handbook of narratology, 84-92.
↑Gervás, P., León, C., & Méndez, G. (2015). Schemas for narrative generation mined from existing descriptions of plot. In 6th Workshop on Computational Models of Narrative (CMN 2015). Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik.
↑Iseke, J., & Brennus, B. (2011). Learning life lessons from Indigenous storytelling with Tom McCallum (pp. 245–261). Indigenous Philosophies and Critical Education. New York: Peter Lang.
↑Eder, D. J. (2007). Bringing Navajo storytelling practices into schools: The importance of maintaining cultural integrity. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 38(3), 278-296.
↑Piquemal, N. (2003). From Native North American oral traditions to Western literacy: Storytelling in education. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 49(2).
↑Basso, 1984. "Stalking with Stories". Names, Places, and Moral Narratives Among the Western Apache.
↑ 78.078.1Hodge, F., Pasqua, A., Marquez, C., & Geishirt-Cantrell, B. (2002). Utilizing Traditional Storytelling to Promote Wellness in American Indian Communities. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 6-11.
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↑MacDonald, M., McDowell, J., Dégh, L., & Toelken, B. (1999). Traditional storytelling today: An international sourcebook. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn
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