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Libertas adalah kemampuan individu untuk melakukan apa yang diinginkan, terlepas dari belenggu atau otoritas individu lain.^[1] Libertas adalah sinonim dari kebebasan. Libertas negatif dipahami sebagai keadaan bebas dari kontrol atau pembatasan yang diberlakukan oleh otoritas di sekitarnya mengenai gaya hidup, tingkah laku, atau pandangan politik individu;^[2]^[3]^[4] sedangkan libertas positif dipahami sebagai kepemilikan kekuatan dan sumber daya untuk mengatasi ketidaksetaraan yang menciptakan kesenjangan.^[5]

Tulisan sejarah mengenai libertas

John Locke (1689). Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, the False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. the Latter Is an Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government. London: Awnsham Churchill.
Frédéric Bastiat (1850). The Law. Paris: Guillaumin & Co.
John Stuart Mill (1859). On Liberty. London: John W Parker and Son.
James Fitzjames Stephen (1874). Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2005, Merriam-Webster, Inc., ISBN 978-0-87779-636-7.
^ "Liberty English Definition and Meaning". Lexico Dictionaries. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-07-21. Diakses tanggal 22 Juli 2019.
^ "Liberty". Oxford English Dictionary. Freedom from arbitrary, despotic, or autocratic control; independence, esp. from a foreign power, monarchy, or dictatorship.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, liberty: "Chiefly in plural. Each of those social and political freedoms which are considered to be the entitlement of all members of a community; a civil liberty."
^ Charles Taylor, “What’s Wrong With Negative Liberty,” in Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 211–229.

Bibliografi

Breay, Claire (2010). Magna Carta: Manuscripts and Myths. London: The British Library. ISBN 978-0-7123-5833-0.
Breay, Claire; Harrison, Julian, ed. (2015). Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy. London: The British Library. ISBN 978-0-7123-5764-7.
Danziger, Danny; Gillingham, John (2004). 1215: The Year of Magna Carta. Hodder Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-340-82475-7.

Pranala luar

[1] The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2005, Merriam-Webster, Inc., ISBN 978-0-87779-636-7.

[2] "Liberty English Definition and Meaning". Lexico Dictionaries. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-07-21. Diakses tanggal 22 Juli 2019.

[3] "Liberty". Oxford English Dictionary. Freedom from arbitrary, despotic, or autocratic control; independence, esp. from a foreign power, monarchy, or dictatorship.

[4] Oxford English Dictionary, liberty: "Chiefly in plural. Each of those social and political freedoms which are considered to be the entitlement of all members of a community; a civil liberty."

[Charles_Taylor_1985-5] Charles Taylor, “What’s Wrong With Negative Liberty,” in Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 211–229.

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Pengawasan otoritas
Umum	Integrated Authority File (Jerman)
Perpustakaan nasional	Prancis (data) Amerika Serikat Latvia Jepang Republik Ceko
Lain-lain	Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Encyclopedia of Islam