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Gen (londo bahasa Belanda: gen) uyito-yito unit pewarisan watade uwolo organisme tumu-tumulo.[1] Huhutu fisikliyo uyito-yito urutan DNA u melekat to tuwawu protein, polipeptida, mealo seuntai RNA u pungsi uwolo organisme u woluo oliyo. Batasan modern gen uyito-yito tuwawu lokasi tertentu to genom u berhubungan wolo pewarisan watade wau mowali popoayito lo pungsi odelo regulator (pengendali), sasaran transkripsi, mealo peran-peran fungsional lainnya.[2][3] Upohuna "gen" modelomo percakapan sehari-hari (misalnya "gen cerdas" mealo "gen laku rambut") layito makusuduo ode alel: tulaoto variasi u tersedia ole tuwawu gen. Openu ekspresi alel mowali serupa, tau lebe layito mopohuna istilah alel ode ekspresi gen u wolo fenotipik berbeda.
Gen berguna mamopolaahe tombaango genetik wolo pengkodean protein to toonu molandu watade fisik u mapopolahu lo tau panggola ode walilio.[1]
Gregor Mendel lo berspekulasi pasali woluo oliyo tuwawu bahan u terkait wolo tuwawu watade mealo karakter to delomo wawa'o tuwawu individu u mowali popowarisio londo tuwawu generasi ode generasi de'uyito-yito oliyo. Tio molaapali oliyo, "faktor" ole Hugo de Vries, konsep u serupa tiyo namakan pangen (baca: pan-gen). Dipo mobaca tuladu Mendel, De Vries mopopatata pangen odelo "partikel kecil u mewakili tuwawu penciri terwariskan". Wilhelm Johannsen lapata'o menyingkatnya odelo gen duluwo pulo taawunu lapata'o.[4] To 1910, Thomas hunt Morgan mopobilohe uyito-yito gen dutu-dutu to kromosom. Lapatio, yiloali 'perlombaan' mola mo'otapu substansi u mowali gen. Dadaata penghargaan nobel u lapata'o lodehu to peneliti u terlibat modelomo subjek botiya.
To sa'ati boito DNA malolotapu wau otawa bo mota to kromosom (1896), dabo tau dipo mongotota uyito-yito DNA terkait wolo gen. Melalui ponolitian Oswald Avery ode bakteri pneumococcus (1943), wawu Alfred Hershey wau Martha Chase (publikasi 1953) wolo pirus bakteriofag T2, barulah tau motota uyito-yito DNA uyito-yito bahan genetik.
To sel eukariot, gen terdiri mondo:[4]
Ekspresi gen uyito-yito proses to toonu kode-kode tombaango u ma'o to gen boli'o mowali protein-protein, u beroperasi bo to delomos sel. Ekspresi gen terdiri mondo duluwo tahap:[4]
Proses transkripsi DNA mowali mRNA wau translasi mRNa moali ngobotu polipeptida pole dogma sentral. Dogma sentral na'o-na'o to prokoriat wau eukariat. Dabo to eukariot woluo tahap tambahan u yilowali to wolota transkripsi wau translasi u pole tahap pre-mRNA. Tahap pre mRNA uyito-yito ode momili mRNA u ma dikirim lumuala nukleus ode ditranslasikan to ribosom. Ekson mowali mRNA u ma dikirim lumuala nukleus ode ditranslasikan, hiambola intron mowali mRNA u ma dikirim mawoluo mai to delomo nukleus sababu konungkinan mRNA boito mamotitihutu protein u diila fungsional (diila hunawa) wonu ditranslasikan. Intron lapata'o ma terurai mohualinga mota motitihutu rande mRNA bohu.[4]
Motota poli uyito-yito ngoolo totala u pole mutasi mowali yiloali to proses ekspresi gen botia.[4]