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Theodosius (Latinized from the Greek "Θεοδόσιος", Theodosios, "given by god") is a given name. It may take the form Teodósio, Teodosie, Teodosije etc. Theodosia is a feminine version of the name.

• Theodosius I (347–395; "Theodosius the Great"), son of Count Theodosius
• Theodosius II (408–450)
• Theodosius III (715–717)
• Theodosius (son of Maurice) (583/585–602), eldest son and co-emperor of the Byzantine emperor Maurice

• Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria (d. 566)
• Pope Theodosius II of Alexandria (d. 742)
• Pope Theodosius III of Alexandria (d. 1300)

• Patriarch Theodosius I of Alexandria (535–567)
• Patriarch Theodosius II of Alexandria (12th century)

In chronological order:

• Theodosius, bishop of Philadelphia in Lydia, deposed at the Council of Seleucia, 359
• Theodosius the Cenobiarch (c. 423–529), a monk, abbot, and saint, founder and of the cenobitic way of monastic life
• Theodosius, archdeacon and pilgrim to the Holy Land, author of De Situ Terrae Sanctae ca. 518-530
• Theodosius the Deacon, 10th-century Byzantine poet who wrote the poem "The Conquest of Crete"
• Theodosius of Kiev, 11th-century Kyivan Rus saint
• Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow (1461–1464)
• Theodosius Florentini (1808–1865), Swiss Capuchin friar, a founder of Catholic religious orders
• Teodósio de Gouveia (1889-1962), Portuguese cardinal, served as archbishop in Mozambique (1940-1962)
• Theodosius (Lazor) (1933–2020), Metropolitan/primate of the Orthodox Church in America (1977-2002)
• Theodosios (Hanna) (1965– ), Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Sebastia (2005-)

• Teodósio I, Duke of Braganza (1510–1563), 5th Duke of Braganza
• Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza (1558–1630), 7th Duke of Braganza
• Teodósio, Prince of Brazil (1634–1653), 9th Duke of Braganza and 1st Prince of Brazil

In chronological order:

• Theodosius of Bithynia or Theodosius of Tripolis (c. 160 BC – c. 100 BC), Greek astronomer and mathematician
• Theodosius, godson of Belisarius (c. 505–565) and Antonina
• Theodosius (play), 1680 tragedy by Nathaniel Lee

• Theodosius Keene, an 18th-century English architect
• Theodosio De Stefani Perez (1853-1935), Italian naturalist and entomologist
• Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900–1975), noted geneticist and evolutionary biologist

• Ataullah or Atallah, Arabic name with similar meaning, used by Muslims and sometimes also by Christians
• Teodosie (name)
• Teodosije (disambiguation)