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José Manuel Barroso | |
|---|---|
 Barroso in 2013 | |
| President of the European Commission | |
| In office 22 November 2004 – 31 October 2014 | |
| Vice President | Günter Verheugen Franco Frattini Antonio Tajani Jacques Barrot Siim Kallas Viviane Reding Joaquín Almunia |
| First Vice-President | Margot Wallström Catherine Ashton |
| Preceded by | Romano Prodi |
| Succeeded by | Jean-Claude Juncker |
| Prime Minister of Portugal | |
| In office 6 April 2002 – 17 July 2004 | |
| President | Jorge Sampaio |
| Preceded by | António Guterres |
| Succeeded by | Pedro Santana Lopes |
| President of the Social Democratic Party | |
| In office 2 May 1999 – 30 June 2004 | |
| Secretary-General | José Luís Arnaut |
| Preceded by | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa |
| Succeeded by | Pedro Santana Lopes |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 2 May 1999 – 6 April 2002 | |
| Prime Minister | António Guterres |
| Preceded by | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa |
| Succeeded by | Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 12 November 1992 – 28 October 1995 | |
| Prime Minister | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Preceded by | João de Deus Pinheiro |
| Succeeded by | Jaime Gama |
| Member of the Assembly of the Republic | |
| In office 27 October 1995 – 22 November 2004 | |
| Constituency | Lisbon |
| In office 13 August 1987 – 26 October 1995 | |
| Constituency | Viseu |
| In office 4 November 1985 – 12 August 1987 | |
| Constituency | Lisbon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | José Manuel Durão Barroso 23 March 1956 Lisbon, Portugal |
| Political party | Social Democratic Party (1980–present) |
| Other political affiliations | Workers' Communist Party (1974–1977)[1] |
| Spouses | Maria Margarida Uva
(m. 1980; died 2016)Joana Gonçalves (m. 2023) |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | University of Lisbon University of Geneva Georgetown University |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website Official Media Gallery |
José Manuel Durão Barroso (Portuguese: [ʒuˈzɛ mɐˈnwɛl duˈɾɐ̃w bɐˈʁozu]; born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician and law professor. He previously served from 2002 to 2004 as the 114th prime minister of Portugal and from 2004–2014 as the 11th president of the European Commission.[2]
He has been one of the revolving door cases at the EU, which received the most media attention because only two months after the cooling off period, Barroso accepted a position as "senior adviser " and "non-executive chairman" of Goldman Sachs International[3] and became subject of an ethics inquiry.
José Barroso was born in Lisbon to Luís António Saraiva Barroso and his wife Maria Elisabete de Freitas Durão.[citation needed]
Durão Barroso (as he is known in Portugal[4]) graduated[when?] from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. He subsequently obtained a Diploma in European Studies from the European University Institute, and received a MA degree with honours in both Political Science and Social Sciences from the University of Geneva in Switzerland.[citation needed]
Barroso became politically active in his late teens, during the Estado Novo regime in Portugal, before the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. In his university days, he was one of the leaders of the underground Maoist MRPP (Re-Organized Movement of the Proletariat Party, later Portuguese Workers' Communist Party (PCTP/MRPP), Communist Party of the Portuguese Workers/Revolutionary Movement of the Portuguese Proletariat).[5][6] In an interview with the newspaper Expresso, he said that he had joined MRPP to fight the only other student body movement, also underground, which was controlled by the Portuguese Communist Party. Despite this justification, there is a very famous political 1976 interview recorded by the Portuguese state-run television channel, RTP, in which Barroso, as a politically minded student during the post-Carnation Revolution turmoil known as PREC, criticises the bourgeois education system which "throws students against workers and workers against students."[7]
His academic career began as an assistant professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. Barroso did PhD research at Georgetown University and Georgetown's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C., but his CV does not list any doctoral degree (except honorary).[8] Back in Lisbon, Barroso became director of the Department for International Relations at Lusíada University (Universidade Lusíada).
In December 1980, Barroso joined the right-of-centre PPD (Democratic Popular Party, later PPD/PSD-Social Democratic Party), where he remains to the present day.[citation needed]
In 1985, under the PSD government of Aníbal Cavaco Silva, prime minister of Portugal, Barroso was named Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs. In 1987 he became a member of the same government as he was elevated to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (answering to the Minister of Foreign Affairs), a post he was to hold for the next five years. In this capacity, he was the driving force behind the Bicesse Accords of 1990, which led to a temporary armistice in the Angolan Civil War between the ruling MPLA and the opposition UNITA. He also supported independence for East Timor, a former Portuguese colony, then a province of Indonesia by force. In 1992, Barroso was promoted to the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, and served in this capacity until the defeat of the PSD in the 1995 general election.
In 1995, while in opposition, Barroso was elected to the Assembly of the Republic as a representative for Lisbon. He became chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee. In 1998 he graduated from the Georgetown Leadership Seminar.[9] In 1999 he was elected president of the PSD, succeeding Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (a professor of law), and thus became Leader of the Opposition. Parliamentary elections in 2002 gave the PSD enough seats to form a coalition government with the right-wing Portuguese People's Party, and Barroso subsequently became Prime Minister of Portugal on 6 April 2002.
As prime minister, facing a growing budget deficit, he made a number of difficult decisions and adopted strict reforms. He vowed to reduce public expenditure, which made him unpopular among leftists and public servants.[citation needed]. His purpose was to lower the public budget deficit to a 3% target (according to the demands of EU rules), and official data during the 2002–2004 period stated that the target was being attained.[citation needed]
In March 2003, Barroso hosted U.S President George W. Bush, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, and Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar in the Portuguese island of Terceira, in the Azores. The four leaders finalised the controversial US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. Under Barroso's leadership, Portugal became part of the "coalition of the willing" for the invasion and occupation of Iraq, sending non-combat troops.[10] On 30 January 2003, Barroso signed The letter of the eight supporting US. policy on Iraq.[11]
Barroso did not finish his term as he had been nominated as president of the European Commission on 5 July 2004. Barroso arranged with Portuguese President Jorge Sampaio to nominate Pedro Santana Lopes as a substitute prime minister of Portugal. Santana Lopes led the PSD/PP coalition for a few months until early 2005, when new elections were called. When the Portuguese Socialist Party won the elections it produced an estimation that by the end of the year the budget deficit would reach 6.1%,[12] which it used to criticise Barroso's and Santana Lopes's economic policies.
In 2004, the proposed European Constitution and now the Treaty of Lisbon included a provision that the choice of the president must take into account the result of Parliamentary elections and the candidate supported by the victorious European political party in particular. That provision was not in force in the nomination in 2004, but the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), who won the elections, pressured for a candidate from its own ranks. In the end, Barroso, as EPP candidate, was chosen by the European Council.[13] During his first presidency, the following issues were on the Commission's agenda: Turkey applying for EU membership, the reform of the institutions (Treaty of Lisbon), the Bolkestein directive, aimed at creating a single market for services within the EU, Lisbon Strategy, Galileo positioning system, Doha Development Agenda negotiations, European Institute of Innovation and Technology and an EU climate change package.[citation needed]
The EPP again endorsed Barroso for a second term during the 2009 European election campaign and, after the EPP again won the elections, was able to secure his nomination by the European Council on 17 June 2009. On 3 September 2009, Barroso unveiled his manifesto for his second term.[14] On 16 September 2009, Barroso was re-elected by the European Parliament for another five years.[15][16][17] Since he completed his second term he became only the second Commission president to serve two terms, after Jacques Delors. That Commission's term of office ran until 31 October 2014.[18]
Barroso visited Ireland to persuade Irish citizens to approve the Treaty of Lisbon in the country's second referendum due to be held the following month.[19] Barroso was greeted by Irish Minister for Defence Willie O'Dea and Peter Power, the Minister of State for Overseas Development, as he got off his plane at Shannon Airport on the morning of 19 September 2009 before briefly meeting with the joint committee of the Oireachtas and meeting and greeting people at functions in Limerick's City Hall, University of Limerick (UL) and the Savoy Hotel.[19] He told The Irish Times in an interview referenced internationally by Reuters that he had been asked if Ireland would split from the European Union.[20] He also launched a €14.8 million grant for former workers at Dell's Limerick plant, described as "conveniently opportune" by former Member of the European Parliament and anti-Lisbonite Patricia McKenna.[21]
On 12 September 2012, Barroso called for the EU to evolve into a "federation of nation-states", necessary to combat the continent's economic crisis. He said he believed Greece would be able to stay in the eurozone if it stood by its commitments. Barroso also heralded the legislative proposal published the same day for European Banking Supervision.[22]
He was once appointed Acting Commissioner for Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration in Maroš Šefčovič's stead, from 19 April 2014 – 25 May 2014 while he was on electoral campaign leave for the 2014 elections to the European Parliament.[23] He ultimately decided to not take up his seat.
In 2005, Die Welt reported that Barroso had spent a week on the yacht of the Greek shipping billionaire Spiro Latsis. It emerged soon afterward that this had occurred only a month before the Commission approved 10 million euros of Greek state aid for Latsis's shipping company – though the state aid decision had been taken by the previous European Commission before Barroso took up his post.[24] In response to this revelation, Nigel Farage MEP of the UK Independence Party persuaded around 75 MEPs from across the political spectrum to back a motion of no confidence in Barroso, so as to compel him to appear before the European Parliament to be questioned on the matter.[25] The motion was tabled on 12 May 2005, and Barroso appeared before Parliament as required at a debate on 26 May 2005.[26] The motion itself was heavily defeated.
In response to criticism for his choice of a less fuel efficient Volkswagen Touareg, amid EU legislation of targets drastically to reduce car CO2 emissions, Barroso dismissed this as "overzealous moralism".[27]
In April 2008, amid sharp food price rises and mounting food vs fuel concerns, Barroso insisted that biofuel use was "not significant" in pushing up food prices.[28] The following month, he announced a study that would look into the issue.[29] The backdoor approval of the GE potato, by President Barroso, has met a wave of strong opposition from EU member-states. The governments of Greece, Austria, Luxembourg, Italy, Hungary and France have all publicly announced that they will not allow the GE potato to be grown in their countries.
Barroso has expressed criticism of national governments arguing "Decisions taken by the most democratic institutions in the world are very often wrong."[30]
In December 2013 Barroso said that Europe was not the cause of the problems for Ireland; Ireland caused a problem for Europe. Following the bailout exit, in December 2013, the Irish government's bid to get backdated funding for the banking sector was rejected as the head of the European Commission blamed the Irish banks, regulators, and government for the difficulties in the country. Barroso said the problems in the Irish banks caused a "major destabilisation" in the euro, rather than structural problems with the currency itself, "I am saying this because it would be wrong to give the impression that Europe has created a problem for Ireland and now Europe has to help Ireland. In fact, it was the banking sector in Ireland—it was one of the biggest problems in the world in terms of banking stability what happened in Ireland."[31]
Barroso is a policy fellow at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University[32] and the Frederick H. Schultz Class of 1951 Visiting Professor of International Economic Policy at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Woodrow Wilson School, where he teaches with Wolfgang F. Danspeckgruber on the EU in International Affairs.
Barroso has been a professor at Portuguese Catholic University since 2015. He has taught at the Institute of Political Studies, at the Catholic Global School of Law, and at the Catholic Lisbon School of Business and Economics, and directs the Center for European Studies from the same institution.[33][34] In February 2015, he was appointed visiting professor at the University of Geneva and taught at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.[35][36][37]
In July 2016, Barroso became senior adviser and non-executive chairman and senior adviser of London-based Goldman Sachs International (GSI), the bank's largest subsidiary.[38][39][40] At the time of his appointments, this was regarded as quite controversial, and later led Barroso's successor Jean-Claude Juncker to launch an ethics investigation.[citation needed] Barroso was heavily criticised for taking the position only two months after the 18-month "cooling-off" period for EU officials after they leave their posts. Barroso's move was especially sensitive because Goldman Sachs played a questionable role in the 2007–2008 financial crisis that nearly broke the euro. Furthermore, Barroso announced his move to the London-based subsidiary of Goldman Sachs shortly after the Brexit referendum. The European Commission agreed to an unprecedented ethics inquiry into the move. The independent panel concluded there were "not sufficient grounds to establish a violation of the duty of integrity and discretion" and accepted Barroso's assurances that he would not be lobbying on behalf of the bank's clients.[41]
In 2020, Barroso was selected as chair of the board at GAVI, succeeding Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.[42]
In addition, Barroso has held several paid and unpaid positions, including:
In 1980, he married Maria Margarida Pinto Ribeiro de Sousa Uva, with whom he has three sons. Sousa Uva died from uterine cancer in August 2016, at the age of 60.
Apart from Portuguese, Barroso is fluent in French,[55] speaks Spanish and English and has taken a course to acquire a basic knowledge of German.[56]
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fernando Nogueira | 532 | 51.6 | |
| José Manuel Durão Barroso | 499 | 48.4 | |
| Pedro Santana Lopes | withdrew | ||
| Turnout | 1,031 | ||
| Source: Resultados[57][58] | |||
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Manuel Durão Barroso | 100.0 | ||
| Turnout | |||
| Source: Resultados[59] | |||
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Manuel Durão Barroso | 469 | 50.3 | |
| Pedro Santana Lopes | 313 | 33.6 | |
| Luís Marques Mendes | 150 | 16.1 | |
| Turnout | 932 | ||
| Source: Congresso PSD[60] | |||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSD | José Manuel Durão Barroso | 2,200,765 | 40.2 | 105 | +24 | |
| PS | Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues | 2,068,584 | 37.8 | 96 | –19 | |
| CDS–PP | Paulo Portas | 477,350 | 8.7 | 14 | –1 | |
| CDU | Carlos Carvalhas | 379,870 | 6.9 | 12 | –5 | |
| BE | Francisco Louçã | 153,877 | 2.8 | 3 | +1 | |
| Other parties | 88,542 | 1.6 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 107,774 | 2.0 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 5,473,655 | 61.48 | 230 | ±0 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[61] | ||||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPP | José Manuel Durão Barroso | 413 | 61.5 | |
| Against | 215 | 32.0 | ||
| Abstentions | 44 | 6.5 | ||
| Turnout | 672 | |||
| Source: Resultados[62] | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPP | José Manuel Durão Barroso | 382 | 53.2 | |
| Against | 219 | 30.5 | ||
| Abstentions | 117 | 16.3 | ||
| Turnout | 718 | |||
| Source: Resultados[63] | ||||
Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (GColIH, 3 November 2014)
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (GCC, 8 June 1996)
Brazil:
East Timor: Great Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste (2010)
Estonia: First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (23 February 2009)
Finland: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland (8 March 1991)
Germany: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (12 November 1990)
Guinea-Bissau: Medal of the National Order of Merit (4 November 1993)
Hungary: Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit (10 October 2002)
Ivory Coast: Grand Officer of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (18 March 1991)
Lithuania: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (25 August 2009)[64]
Malta: Honorary Member of the Xirka Ġieħ ir-Repubblika (3 March 1995)
Morocco: Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (20 February 1995)
Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau[65]
Peru: Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (29 November 1994)
Sovereign Military Order of Malta:
Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (27 October 1993)
Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic (26 October 1993)
United Kingdom: Honorary Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (17 June 1994)Barroso holds over twenty decorations, including:[66]
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