ISO/IEC 17025: History and introduction of concepts
Zhurong (Chinese: 祝融), also known as Chongli (Chinese: 重黎)[citation needed], is an important personage in Chinese mythology and Chinese folk religion. According to the Huainanzi and the philosophical texts of Mozi and his followers, Zhurong is a god of fire and of the south.[citation needed]
The Classic of Mountains and Seas gives alternative genealogies for Zhurong, including descent from both the Yan Emperor and Yellow Emperor.[1] However, it is recorded in the suspicious part of Dahuangjing (大荒經) and Haineijing (海內經) that were written last. Some sources associate Zhurong with some of the principal early and ancient myths of China, such as those of Nüwa (Nüwa Mends the Heavens), Gonggong, and the Great Flood.[2] Chinese mythology has in the past been believed to be, at least in part, a factual recording of history. Thus, in the study of historical Chinese culture, many of the stories that have been told regarding characters and events which have been written or told of the distant past have a double tradition: one tradition which presents a more historicised and one which presents a more mythological version.[3] This is also true in the case of Zhurong. In Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, Zhurong is portrayed as a historical person, who held the governmental office of Minister of Fire.[4]
Zhurong was said to be the son of Gaoyang (also known as Zhuanxu), a sky god.[5] (Again, the more historicised versions of the mythology portray Zhuanxu as a historical person; in this case an "Emperor of China"). Gaoyang also had a son, Gun, who fathered Yu the Great. The imperial clan of the Qin dynasty also claimed descent through Gaoyang (but not Zhurong). Zhurong was also claimed to be an ancestor to the eight lineages of the royal families of the state of Chu.
Genealogy
Etymology
One aspect of the traditional Chinese characters used in the case of Zhurong's name is that the character 融 is composed by combining the character 鬲 which refers to a ritual cauldron or tripodal vessel with three hollow legs, which is well known from archeological reports as a characteristic Chalcolithic (Late Neolithic/Early Bronze) Age feature encountered in archaeological sites in northern China.[6] This character is combined with another character, 虫; which, in the case of certain other complex characters is used productively to represent words with meanings related to worms, snakes, or insects. David Hawkes makes a connection between the characters in Zhurong's name and the culture and ceramic technology in ancient China.
Mythical ancestry
The Classic of Mountains and Seas represents Zhurong as the son of a father whose name translates as "Play-with-Pots", who in turn is represented as the son of a father whose name translates as "Skillful Pot" (and is described as having a square top upon his head). In "General Introduction" to the Chu Ci anthology, Hawkes uses these observations to bolster his speculation of a significant relationship between the archeological evidence regarding ceramic technology and the cultural background of the Chu Ci material.[6]
Description
The Wu Liang Shrine inscriptions describe Zhurong as:
- 「祝誦〔融〕氏：無所造為，未有嗜欲，刑罰未施。」
- "[...]: He did nothing. He was addicted to nothing and desired nothing. And punishment were not in [his] practice."[7]
However, in one myth, Zhurong was interested in physical power and fought against Gonggong for days in a contest to see who was stronger.[8] According to the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Gonggong is a descendant of Zhurong.[9] This raises suspicions that Haineijing(海內經)'s record was distorted in the Han dynasty for Chinese political purposes.
See also
- Chinese ritual bronzes
- Lady Zhurong
- Xirang
- Zhurong rover, 2021 Mars rover
Notes
- ^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, p. 248.
- ^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, p. 124.
- ^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Hawkes 2011, p. 81.
- ^ Hawkes 2011, pp. 21 and 79.
- ^ a b Hawkes 2011, p. 23.
- ^ Barbieri, Anthony (2019). Virtual Tour of Wuzhai Shan Site, 2nd Century CE (v. 2.0). University of California, Santa Barbara. The entry for Zhurong is located at "Wu Liang" > right wall > second row of reliefs > second relief from the right
- ^ Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992). Myths and Legends. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 132. ISBN 1-55521-812-1. OCLC 27192394.
- ^ 山海經 > 海內經 > 炎帝之妻，赤水之子聽訞生炎居，炎居生節竝，節竝生戲器，戲器生祝融，祝融降處於江水，生共工。共工生術器，術器首方顚，是復土穰，以處江水。共工生后土，后土生噎鳴，噎鳴生歳十有二
References
- Hawkes, David, ed. (2011) [1985]. The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2.
- Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Anderson Turner, Jessica (2008). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533263-6.
External links
