ISO/IEC 17025: History and introduction of concepts

Vaikhanasa (Sanskrit: वैखानस, romanized: Vaikhānasa) or Vaikhanasagama (Sanskrit: वैखानसागम, romanized: Vaikhānasāgama) is a tradition of Hinduism that primarily worships Vishnu (and his associated avatars) as the Supreme God. The tradition draws its name from the philosophy propounded by its founder, Sage Vikhanasa.^[1]

Vaikhanasa is classified as a Vaishnava Agama, concerned with the performance of practices such as temple rituals.^[2] Its adherents are primarily the Brahmins who belong to the school of the Krishna Yajurveda Taittiriya Shakha and the Vaikhanasa Kalpasutra.^[3] It is principally monotheistic in its philosophy, whilst also incorporating elements that could be described as being panentheistic. Like the Pancharatra, it is well established in South India.^[4]

History

The Vaikhanasas originated as a group of forest-dwelling ascetics.^[5] In the Manava Dharmashastra, the legendary Manu discusses the vanaprastha, forest-dweller, the third of the four ashrama stages of life, and mentions a "Vaikhanasa rule." Other ancient authorities support this reference, so it seems there was a Vaikhanasa ascetic community before the common era. They are mentioned in the Narayaniyam, which is a late section of the Mahabharata of uncertain date but probably no earlier than the third century CE. Surviving Vaikhanasa sutras are no older than the fourth century CE.^{[citation needed]}

Inscriptions from perhaps the eighth century CE identify Vaikhanasas as temple priests, and from the end of the tenth century they are prominently mentioned in South Indian inscriptions. Vaikhanasas were the priests of Vishnu temples, trusted with administering the temples and their lands.

Vedanta Desika, a leader of the Sri Vaishnava school, has given equal importance to both vaikhanasa and Pancharatra system in his work Saranagati Deepika 32 :

tvAm paancaraatrikanayEna pruthakvidhEna vaikhanasEna ca pathA niyatAdhikArA: |

samjn~A vishESha niyamEna samarcayanta: preetyA nayanti phalavanti dinAni dhanyA: ||

Today, Vaikhanasas are the chief priests^{[citation needed]} in more than half of the Vaishnava temples in the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka. Their present-day temple activities are worthy of attention, as are their efforts to work for community integrity which is threatened by increasing social and technological changes.

Doctrine

Vaikhanasas claim to be a surviving school of Vedic ritual, the Taittiriya Shakha of the Krishna Yajurveda. Vaikhanasa tradition says the sage Vikhanasa, who was a manifestation of Vishnu, acquired an education of the Vedas and the Shastras. He learnt how to worship Vishnu as an arcāvatāra, a temple image regarded to be an iconic form of the deity. He is regarded to have travelled to the holy forest known as the Naimisharanya and composed the Vaikhanasa Kalpasutra and taught the treatise known as the Sri Vaikhanasa Bhagavad Shastra to his four disciples, the sages Atri, Bhrigu, Kashyapa and Marichi, which contained the procedures of Samurtarcana, Amurtarchana, and devotional service to Vishnu in the form of his images.^[6]

Most Vaikhanasa literature is almost completely concerned with rituals, prescribing the rituals and their rules of performance. To Vaikhanasas, their temple worship is a continuation of the Vedic yajna. Regular and correct worship of Vishnu in a temple are regarded to bring the same results as the fire sacrifice even for people who do not maintain their fires.^[7]

Vaikhanasa texts venerate four aspects of Vishnu: Purusha, the principle of life; Satya, the static aspect of deity; Achyuta, the immutable aspect; and Aniruddha, the irreducible aspect. They prescribe the two primary mantras of Vaishnavism: Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya and Om Namo Narayanaya.^[8] Distinction is emphasised between Vishnu in his form of niṣkalā, a primeval and indivisible form unperceived even by Brahma, and his form of sakala, the figured, divisible, emanated, and movable form. In his form of Sakala, the deity is regarded to respond to devotional meditation. Vishnu's consort, Shri, is regarded to be as important as nature, Prakriti, as the power (shakti) of Vishnu.

The Vaikhanasa doctrine states that spiritual liberation (moksha) is release into Vishnu's abode of Vaikuntha. The nature of a devotee's moksha is regarded to be dependent on their performance of japa (attentive repetition of prayer), huta, yajna (ritual sacrifice), archana (service to images), and dhyana (yogic meditation). Of the four, the text known as the Marichi Samhita offers precedence to archana.

Adherents

The Vaikhanasa Brahmins/Vaikhanasas are a tiny Vaishnavite Brahmin community^[9] of about 4000 families^{[better source needed]} widely dispersed in South India at Vaishnava temples in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka and also worldwide especially in the United States of America, Germany, Australia, UK, and some parts of Europe.

Some of the prominent Hindu temples following the Vaikhanasa Agama are

Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala^[9]
Sri Lakshmi Varada Yogabhoga Narasimha Swamy Temple, Shanthigrama, Hassan, Karnataka, India
Sri Parthasarathy Temple, Triplicane, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Yogananda Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Mattapalli
Arulmigu Venkatachalapathi Swamy Temple, Oppiliappan Koil, Thirunageswaram
Arulmigu Sthala Shayana Perumal Temple, Thirukkadalmallai (Mamallapuram), Tamil Nadu
Shiva Vishnu Temple, Livermore, California, USA
India Cultural Center and Temple, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
Sri Prasanna Venkateswaraa Swamy Temple (Sai Baba Mandir), Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA
Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple (Chinna Tirupathi), Dwarakatirumala, Eluru Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Veeranarayana swamy Temple, Belavadi, Chikmagalur Dist, Karnataka
Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple (Konaseema Tirupathi), Vadapalli, East Godavari Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple (Tirumala Giri), Tirumala Giri, Jaggayyapet, Krishna Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Lakshmi Varaha Venkataramana Swamy Temple (Abhinava Tirupathi), Anjaneya Nagar, 3rd Stage Banashankari, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple Ballapur pet, Bangalore Karnataka, India
Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Ilupeju, Lagos, Nigeria.
Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Srigiri, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India
Sri Rama and Sri Tuppadanjaneyaswamy Temple, Rangaswamy temple street, Avenue road cross, Bangalore.
Sri Chennakeshava swamy temple, Ganigarapet, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Sri Venkataramanswamy Temple Avenue road Bangalore
Sri Venkataramanswamy Temple Dharmarayaswamy temple road, Ganigarapet Bangalore
Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy temple, Near Upparpet Police station, Bangalore.
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Vedadri, Jaggayyapet, Krishna Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Biligirirangaswamy temple Biligirirangana betta, Yelandur Tq Chamarajanagara district karnataka
Sri venugopalaswamy temple, Kere thondanur pandavapura tq mandya district, karnataka
Sri Veeranjaneya swmy temple mulabagilu tq kolar district, karnataka
Sri Valmiki anjaneya swmy temple sajjanarao circle Bengaluru karnataka
Sri Venkateswara Swami (Balaji) Temple of Greater Chicago
Sri Lakshmi Temple Ashland Boston US
Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple of Singapore
Flower Mound Hindu Temple of Flower Mound Texas
Sri Devanathan Perumal Temple Thiruvahintharapuram, cuddalore, India
Sri Varatharaja Perumal Temple Puducherry, India
Sri Venkateswara swamy Temple, Then thirumalai, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore
Sri Venugopalaswamy temple, Guraza, Krishna District, Andhra pradesh
Sri Chennakeshava swamy temple, Tarakaturu, Machilipatnam, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Chennakesava swamy temple, Mallavolu, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Chennakeshava swamy temple, Vullipalem, Repalle, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Sri Venugopal swamy temple, kodali, krishna district, Andhra pradesh, India
Sri Lakshminarashima swamy temple, sholingur, vellor district, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri Vijayendra Swamy Temple, Bethamangala, Kolar District, Karnataka, India
Sri Sundara Varadaraja Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Velianallore village, Kanchipuram, Tamil nadu, India
sri chennakesava swamy temple, Mallavolu, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Kallazhagar Temple, Thirumaliruncholai, Alagarkoil, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Sri Venkatesa Perumal Temple, Sowcarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri Adhi Jegannatha Perumal Temple, Thiruppullani, Ramnad Dist, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri Vegu Sundhara Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Sakkaramallur, Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India.
Sri Prasanna Venkatesa Perumal Temple, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri Madhava Perumal Temple, Mylapore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri kesava Swamy temple, gandredu, pedapudi mandal, east godavari dist, andhra pradesh.
sri thiruvenkatamudiyan temple, south thirupathy, Ariyakudi sivagangai district, Tamilnadu.
Sri LakshmiNarayana Swamy Temple, Sekharipuram Agraharam, Palakkad, Kerala, India.
Venkatachalapathy Temple, Kumarapuram Village
Srimath Khadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh.
Madanagopalaswamy Temple, Dangeru, K. Gangavaram mandal, Konaseema Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Bhu Sametha Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Sivala, K. Gangavaram mandal, Konaseema Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
Sri Seetaramachandraswamy Temple, Kota, K. Gangavaram Mandal, Konaseema Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.
Sri Govindaraja Swamy Temple, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.
Sri Kodandarama Swamy Temple, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Ramapuram, Chennai.
Sri Gajendra varadha raja perumal temple, tirupattur(635601), Tamil Nadu
Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Srinivasa Mangapuram, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.
Sri Vedanarayana Swamy Temple, Nagalapuram, Andhra Pradesh.

Symbols

Temples and images with the Vaikhanasas are of more importance than perhaps any other sect of Hinduism. In accordance with Vaikhanasa doctrine of the two forms of Vishnu, the Nishkala, the unfigured, and the Sakala, the figured, two cult images are distinguished. There is the large immovable image representing Vishnu's Niskala form, which is ritually placed in a sanctuary and elaborately consecrated, and a smaller movable image representing Vishnu's Sakala form. If the devotee wishes for temporal and eternal results he should worship both forms. But if he is after only eternal results he should worship the immovable image.

After purification and meditation to identify with Vishnu, the devotee surrenders to Vishnu and places the movable image on a bathing pedestal and elaborately bathes it. This is preparation for receiving the presence of God by immediate contact via a connecting string. The invocation starts with a Mantra, sacred utterance, saying that the Imperishable is linked to the Perishable and that the Self is released from all evil as it knows God. Flowers are presented to all the deities present. Then the hymn called the Aatmasukta is recited that identifies the body of the devotee with the cosmos, followed by meditation on Vishnu's Niskala aspect: these parts of the ritual are to request Vishnu to take his Sakala form in the movable image so that the devotee can converse with Him. A Puja ceremony takes place with God as the royal guest, followed by a Homa, offering into the fire [Homaagni], and a Bali [offering-but not animal sacrifice] with something that may be visible, touchable, audible, or eatable. An offering of [Havis - anything offered as an oblation with fire], cooked food, is important as the God's meal. Afterwards the Prasaada (Food that was offered to God) is eaten by the worshipers and devotees. The offering area is cleaned and a Bali of cooked rice sprinkled with butter is offered to Vishnu. Then comes a Pradakshina [circumambulation from left to right clockwise as a kind of worship]around the temple. After Daksina, the officiating Brahman's share of the Prasadam, is given, Vishnu is meditated upon as the personal manifestation of the sacrifice. Finally Puspanjali, known as Mantra Pushpam, that is, offering a handful of flowers at the God's lotus feet after chanting the holy Mantraas, and the temple door is closed after Mangala arathi.

References

^ Dalal, Roshen (6 January 2019). The 108 Upanishads: An Introduction. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 288. ISBN 978-93-5305-377-2.
^ Heitzman, James; Schenkluhn, Wolfgang (9 April 2004). The World in the Year 1000. University Press of America. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-4617-4556-3.
^ Gonda, Jan (1969). Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 234. ISBN 978-81-208-1087-7.
^ Sharma, Arvind; Young, Katherine K. (1 January 1993). Annual Review of Women in World Religions, The: Volume III. State University of New York Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4384-1964-0.
^ Hudson, D. Dennis (25 September 2008). The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 610. ISBN 978-0-19-536922-9.
^ Sri Ramakrishna Dikshitulu; Oppiliappan Koil Sri Varadaccari Sathakopan. Sri Vaikhasana Bhagavad Sastram (An Introduction) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2008.
^ Singh, Nagendra Kr; Mishra, A. P. (2010). Global Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 904. ISBN 978-81-8220-297-9.
^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 3042. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
^ ^a ^b Venkataramanan, Geetha (25 June 2020). "Integrated Patasalas for holistic education". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 November 2020. With dwindling practitioners, the system needed a boost. [...] The syllabus adheres to the practices observed at the Tirumala temple, which follows the Vaikhanasa system.

[1] Dalal, Roshen (6 January 2019). The 108 Upanishads: An Introduction. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 288. ISBN 978-93-5305-377-2.

[2] Heitzman, James; Schenkluhn, Wolfgang (9 April 2004). The World in the Year 1000. University Press of America. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-4617-4556-3.

[3] Gonda, Jan (1969). Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 234. ISBN 978-81-208-1087-7.

[4] Sharma, Arvind; Young, Katherine K. (1 January 1993). Annual Review of Women in World Religions, The: Volume III. State University of New York Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4384-1964-0.

[5] Hudson, D. Dennis (25 September 2008). The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 610. ISBN 978-0-19-536922-9.

[6] Sri Ramakrishna Dikshitulu; Oppiliappan Koil Sri Varadaccari Sathakopan. Sri Vaikhasana Bhagavad Sastram (An Introduction) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2008.

[7] Singh, Nagendra Kr; Mishra, A. P. (2010). Global Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 904. ISBN 978-81-8220-297-9.

[8] Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 3042. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.

[:0-9] Venkataramanan, Geetha (25 June 2020). "Integrated Patasalas for holistic education". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 November 2020. With dwindling practitioners, the system needed a boost. [...] The syllabus adheres to the practices observed at the Tirumala temple, which follows the Vaikhanasa system.

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