Infrastructure tools to support an effective radiation oncology learning health system

Inyanya zikungahaye kuri vitamini A na C. Zongerwa mu biryo kugira ngo zibyongerere uburyohe. Inyanya kandi zishobora gutunganywa zigakorwamo ikinyiga (sauce tomate). Mu rwego rw'ubukungu, inyanya zinjiza amafaranga mu ngo ndetse bikagera no mu rwego rw'igihugu n'isi.^[1][2][3].

Inyanya zikunda ahantu hari amazi ahagije, zikazirana n'ahatagira amazi. Ubutaka bwiza ku nyanya ni ubufite ubusharire bwa 6-7. Ikigero cy'ubushyuhe cyagombye kuba dogere  20-27. Imbuto z'inyanya ziba mbi iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya degere 30 cyangwa bukaba munsi ya dogere 10.^[3]

Guhitamo ubwoko bw'inyanya bwo guhinga ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe hifuzwa umusaruro mwiza. Muri rusange hariho amoko abiri y'inyanya  amenyerewe. Inyanya ngufi n'inyanya ndende.Inyanya ngufi (habariwemo n'izivangiye igice n'ingufi) ni ubwoko bugira igiti kigira ihundo ry'uruyange ku mutwe. Ziba ngufi zikaba igihuru mu gihe izivangiye igice ziba ndende.^[1][2][3]

Ubwoko burebure bukomeza gushamika  n'indabo nshya kandi bugakura bujya hejuru cyane. Ubu bwoko buzana inyanya nyuma y'igihe kinini. Ubu bwoko bugomba kushingirirwa no kugabanyirizwa ibisambo bityo bugasaba akazi kenshi.Mu Rwanda duhinga ubwoko bwiza bw'inyanya buturaka i Burayi no mu bigo by'imbuto byo muri Kenya.^[3][4]

Anna F1 ni ubwoko bw`inyanya butanga umusaruro utubutse, budasaba akazi kenshi, kandi budapfa gufatwa n' indwara zifata inyanya. Ni inyanya zigurishwa ari mbisi, zitanga umusaruro mwiza cyane iyo zihinzwe mu mahema yabugenewe.

Anna F1 igira urunyanya rukomeye, rufite ishusho y'igi, rukagira ibara ry'umutuku tukutuku. Ni bumwe mu bwoko bw'inyanya buva muri Kenya budapfa guhangarwa n'indwara ya kirabiranya  imunga igiti, iminyorogoto n'izindi.^[4]

Anna F1 ni ubwoko bukura vuba: mu minsi 75 nyuma yo kugemekwa. Kugira ngo zibe zeze neza biterwa n'igihe/ikirere. Nko mu  bwoko bwinshi mu buturuka muri Kenya, umusaruro wa mbere uba ari muke  ugereranyije n'andi masarura akurikira. Anna F1 zitanga umusaruro ku kigereranyo cya toni 74 kuri hegitari,  n'ibiro  35 kg kuri buri runyanya mu buzima bwarwo bwose.^[4]

Inyanya zo mu bwoko bwa Roma ni inyanya zifite amafufu. Inyanya z`amafufu nka Roma muri rusange zigira ifufu rinini imbere, zikagira ubuhwa buke cyane n'igishishwa gikomeye. Roma zijya kugira ishusho ya  mpandenye kandi zikaremera. Zirakomera kandi kuruta izo mu bundi bwoko ndetse n'iz'ubwoko  bugira amafufu. Inyanya za Roma ziri mu bwoko bugufi, ni ukuvuga ko urunyanya ruhira rimwe  aho kugenda rushya buhoro buhoro bigendanye n'ikirere. N'ubwo zishobora kuribwa ari mbisi izi nyanya biba byiza iyo zitetswe.^[3]

Ubwoko bw'inyanya bwa Bingo:

• Bugira umusaruro utubutse
• Bwera imbuto nini
• Zera vuba
• Zemera ahantu hose
• Zigira uruti runini
• Zikura neza
• Urubuto rufite ishusho y'umubumbe, runini cyane,rworohereye,
• Ntizipfa kwisatura
• Zibasha guhangana n'indwara ziterwa na virusi

Bingo zihingwa mu murima mugari, zitanga inyanya nini kandi zoroshye. Igiti cy'urunyanya gishamikaho amababi agaye arinda igihingwa gutwikwa n'izuba. Ni ubwoko wahitamo ku bucuruzi bukorerwa ku masoko yo ku muhanda. Zizwiho kugira icyanga no kuba nini cyane.^[5]

Cherry tomato ni ubwoko bw’inyanya nto ziburungushuye. Zigira ibara ritukura, umuhondo, icyatsi kibisi ndetse n’umukara. Ziribwa cyane cyane ari mbisi kubera ko ziryohera.^[6]

Inyanya zo mu bwoko bwa Plum zizwi nk’izitegurwamo ikinyiga  gitekwa mu masupu cyangwa kibikwa mu bikopo. Izi nyanya zifite ishusho y’umwiburungushure, zikagira  ubuhwa buke cyane ugereranyije n’ubundi bwoko bw’inyanya kandi zikagira umubiri ukomeye, bituma zibereye gutunganywa mu nganda.^[6]

Gutera inyanya bitangirira ku guhumbika, aho  babiba umurama ukamera mbere y'uko ingemwe zigemurirwa mu murima zizakuriramo. Ubuhumbikiro bugomba kuba bunoze nta binonko birimo kugira ngo  imbuto zizamere neza. Ni byiza guhitamo ahantu hari amazi kandi umurima ukaba udaheruka guhingwamo ibihingwa byo mu muryango umwe n'inyanya.^[7]

Ubuhumbikiro bwigiye hejuru bugizwe na cm 15-30 z'uburebure  bukaba bwajya hasi yaho mu gihe cy'izuba ryinshi  ariko bukajya hejuru yaho igihe cy'ubuhehere. Umurama uhumbikwa mu mirongo itandukanyijwe na cm 6. Ubuhumbikiro butwikirizwa isaso kandi ubutaka ntabwo bugomba kumagara. Ubuhumbikiro bwigiye hejuru bworohereza uburyo bwo kuyobora amazi.^[7]

Kureka ubuhumbikiro bugakomera bikorwa bagabanya amazi maze ingemwe zikagerwaho n' izuba mu gihe cy'iminsi 6-9 mbere yo kugemura. Kuvomerera neza ingemwe amasaha 12 mbere yo kuzigemeka mu murima wabigenewe. Ingemwe nziza ni izigeze ku kigero cy'amababi 4-5, zimaze hafi ibyumweru 4.^[8]

Kugemura bikorwa nimugoroba cyangwa igihe ikirere cyijimye kugira ngo ingemwe zidapfa.Urugemwe rushyirwa mu mwobo ku buryo amababi ya mbere asigara hejuru y'ubutaka. Ingemwe ndende zinanutse zigomba guterwa mu mwobo muremure. Gutsindagira ubutaka cyane mu muzenguruko w'imizi no gusuka amazi ku muzenguruko w'urugemwe kugira ngo ubutaka bufate. Ni ngombwa kuvomerera vuba bishoboka nyuma yo kugemeka.^[8]

Intera isigara hagati y'urugemwe n'urundi iterwa n'uburyo ushaka guteramo byaba gutera ku murongo umwe umwe cyangwa ibiri ibangikanye. Iyo hakoreshejwe imirongo ibiri ibangikanye intera igomba kungana na cm 60 hagati y'imirongo na cm 40 hagati y'urugemwe n'urundi. Ibi bitanga ingemwe zigera ku 33,000 kuri hegitari. Iyo hakoreshejwe umurongo umwe umwe ku ntera ya cm 40 hagati y'ingemwe bitanga ingemwe zigera ku 16,000 kuri hegitari.^[8]

Amazi adahagije mu gihe igihingwa icyo ari cyo cyose kigikura bigabanya umusaruro n'ubwiza bw'imbuto. Inyanya ntizihanganira na mba kubura kw'amazi mu gihe zitangiye kuzana uruyange, mu gihe zikigemurwa no mu gihe zitangiye kuzana imbuto; mu kindi gihe zishobora kwihangana gato. Nyamara inyanya ntabwo zikunda amazi menshi akabije.^[8]

Uko wayobora amazi kose bishobora gukorwa uhereye hejuru ku butaka, uminjira make make, amazi anyuze mu gihombo, aho kuvoma amazi ku isoko ugahita uyamena ku bihingwa mu murima. Uko byakorwa kose biterwa n'ubushobozi bw'umuhinzi. Kubika amazi mu murima bishobora gukorwa hafashwe amazi acunshumuka, amazi y'imvura ava mu migezi, amazi y'imvura, kuzamura amazi avuye hasi mu butaka.^[9]

Gusasiza ibikoresho byabugenewe bikorwa hatwikirwa ubuso bw'ubutaka. Gusasira ni ngombwa mu buhinzi bw'inyanya kuko bigabanya kugenda kw'ibitunga igihingwa, bibika ubuhehere n'ubushyuhe mu butaka bikanabuza ibyatsi bibi kumera.^[10]

Gushingirira inyanya ukoresheje inking z'imigano, imishingiriro y'ibiti cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bikomeye bifata igihingwa bigatuma amababi n'imbuto bitaryama hasi. Gushingirira bishobora gutuma umusaruro wiyongera n'imbuto zikaba nini, bituma inyanya zitabora kandi bikoroshya isarura.^[11]

Ubwoko bw'inyanya ndende bwagombye gushingirirwa kugira ngo byorohe kuzikata, gukata ibisambo, gusarura n'indi mirimo yose ikorerwa igihingwa. Ubwoko bw'inyanya bugufi bwagombye gushingirirwa mu gihe cy'imvura kugira ngo imbuto z'inyanya zidakora hasi ku butaka.^[11]

Uburyo butandukanye bwo gushingirira burashoboka. Igihingwa kiba kigomba gufata neza ku mushingiriro, bigakorwa mu ntangiriro nko mu byumweru bibiri nyuma yo kugemeka.^[11]

Uduti tw'umuceri, udushumi twa pulasitiki, udushumi tumatira dukoreshwa mu buhinzi bw'indabo, n'ibindi bikoresho byose umuntu yakwifashisha  bishobora gukoreshwa mu guhambira urunyanya ku giti. Guhambira bikorwa ku buryo ihundo ry'inyanya riba rishyigikiye.^[11]

Gukata ibisambo cyangwa gutoranya umumero ugomba gukurwaho mu rwego rwo kurinda inyanya kugunduka bishobora gutuma inyanya zikura vuba zikaba nini kandi ku buryo bungana. Gukuramo ibisambo bituma umwuka winjira neza  mu rugara rw'amababi, bikagabanya indwara zifata amababi bikorohereza kutera umuti ndetse no gusarura.^[12]

Ubwoko by'inyanya ndende bugomba gukurwaho ibisambo iteka kugira ngo zidakururumba. Urugero gukata ibisambo bikorwamo biterwa n'igihe cy'ihinga icyo ari cyo. Mu gihe cyose bakata ibisambo, ni ko banakuraho indabo zitari ngombwa kugira ngo bacungane n'umubare w'inyanya  wifuzwa.^[12]

Ibyatsi bigomba kubagarwa bikavanwa mu murima w'inyanya kuko bicuranwa n'igiti cy'inyanya urumuri, ibigitunga n'amazi. Ibyatsi kandi biba indiri y'indwara n'ibyonnyi. Ibyatsi bibi bibagarwa hakoreshejwe  intoki cyangwa isuka.^[13]

Iyo inyanya zigeze aheza ubona ko zikeneye ibizitunga ni ngombwa ko hajyamo inyongeramusaruro uhereye igihe zitangiye kuzana imbuto. Ifumbire ikomoka ku matungo n'iyo mu ngarani ni zo nziza mu kongerera umusaruro umurima w'inyanya ushaka umusaruro w'umwimerere.^[12]

Ifumbire isukika ikoze mu bimera cyangwa ingarani iba ngombwa cyane cyane igihe imbuto zimaze kuza kugira ngo izindi zikomeze ziyongere. Naho ku musaruro utari umwimerere, inyongeramusaruro z'ubwoko butandukanye zishobora kongerwamo kugira ngo umusaruro utubuke.^[13]

Indwara z'ingenzi zifata  inyanya ni ukubora zikiri nto, cyangwa kubora zikuze, naho byonnyi by'ngenzi by'inyanya ni imiswa, isazi zera, udukoko turya amababi  (Tuta absoluta) n'utumatirizi.^[12][13]

Iyi ndwara ituma urunyanya ruraba vuba kandi rugapfa burundu rwose rutabanje guhinduka umuhondo cyangwa ngo amababi abanze azane ibibara. Igiti cyose kirapfa. Ubusanzwe bikunda kuba mu gihe igipimo cy'ubushyuhe kigera kuri dogere 32o C cyangwa hejuru yaho. Urunyanya ruraba rugifite ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi. Iyo igiti cy`urunyanya rwarabye bagikase usanga intimatima ibobereye n'amazi y'umukara, kandi wakanda igiti cyatemwe hakaza amazi yera, y'umuhondo cyangwa y'ikijuju anyerera. Iyo indwara imaze gukura kubora kw'intimatima bishobora gucukura umwobo muremure mu giti cyose.^[14]

• Iyo inyanya zagaragayeho iyi ndwara ari nke zigomba guhita zikurwa mu murima
• Guhinduranya ibihingwa mu murima by'igihe kirekire (ibihe by'ihinga 3-4).^[14]

Amababi y'inyanya yo hasi ahinduka umuhondo ubundi akuma. Ibiti byinshi by'inyanya bishobora kugaragaza ibyo bimenyetso. Amababi y'uruhande rumwe ashobora kwandura mu gihe ayo ku rundi ruhande ari mazima. Amababi yanduye yihungura ku giti. Iyo ibiti byanduye biri hejuru gato y'ubutaka n'agati gatereyeho amababi ubitemye hagaragara amatembabuzi y'ikijuju  kivanze n'umutuku.^[15]

Uduhumyo duturuka  haba ku mbuto haba no mu butaka. Dukunda kwangiza cyane ahari ubutaka bworoshye bw'urusenyi. Dukunda kuba ahari igipimo cy'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 25 na 320 C. Imiyege ishobora kuguma mu butaka  no mu gihe nta gihingwa cy'inyanya cyaba kiri mu murima. Gishobora kandi kuguma kubaho  mu mizi y'ibyatsi bibi.^[15]

• Guhinga ubwoko bw'inyanya budapfa kwandura
• Guhinga imbuto zemewe ko zifite ubuziranenge
• Kudahumbika mu butaka bwigeze kuyogozwa n'indwara ya Cyumya
• Ahari ubutaka busharira, kubugabanya bashyiramo ishwagara cyangwa ifumbire y`imborera
• Kwirinda gukoresha inyongeramusaruro zirimo azote nyinshi no kwirinda iminyorogoto ituma imizi yipfundika.^[15]

Ibibara biza ku mababi  kubera iyi ndwara y'ubushye biba ari ishusho y'uruziga kugeza kuri mm 12 z'umurambararo, bikaba ikijuju kandi kenshi bikagira ishusho y'uruziga ari cyo gitandukanya iyi ndwara n'izindi ndwara zizana ibibara ku mamabi y'inyanya.

• Gutera ubwoko budapfa gufatwa n'iyi ndwara
• Guhinga imbuto bwemewe ko bwujuje ubuziranenge, niba ukoresheje imbuto zawe, amazi ashyushye yagufasha kuvura imbuto zawe
• Gutera ingemwe zitarwaye
• Guhinduranya n'ibihingwa bigira indabo nk`intoryi, urusenda, ibirayi,…
• Gushingirira no gukuraho ibisambo ku bwoko burebure
• Mu gihe indwara ibaye akarande, gutera imiti yo kurinda ubutaka irimo umuringa.

Ibimenyetso by'ububore ni ibibara bitameze kimwe bitanazira rimwe  by'icyatsi kijya kuba umukara, n'ibibara bisa n'ibyinitse mu mazi bigaragara ku mababi. Ibyo bibara nyuma bihinduka ikigina maze amenshi mu mababi yafashwe akaraba ariko agakomeza gufata ku gihimba.

• Guhinga ubwoko budapfa gufatwa n'iyi ndwara
• Gutera ingemwe nzima
• Gushingirira no gukiza ibisambo ku bwoko burebure
• Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima.

Iyi ndwara iterwa no kubura k'umunyungugu wa Kalisiyumu no kuvomerera nabi ku buryo budahoraho. Iyo ndwara ifata umutwe w'urubuto. Itangira isa n'ikibara gisa n'icyinitse mu mazi kigenda gikura kigahinduka ikigina cyijimye gicukuye umwobo. Ubuso bw'aho yafashe burijima kandi bugakanyarara. Ahaboze haruma.

• Kwirinda ko igihingwa kibura amazi mu gihe imbuto zigitangira kuzaho
• Gushyira ishwagara mu butaka bubuzemo umunyu wa Kalisiyumu
• Gutera umuti wagenewe uruyange urimo Kalisiyumu ku rugero rwa 0.5% mu gihe imbuto zitangiye kuza.

Virusi zifata inyanya kenshi zikwirakwizwa n`udukoko nk'isazi yera, utumatirizi n'inda z'ibihingwa. Ikimenyetso gikomeye cy'iyi ndwara ni amababi  ahinduka ibara ry`umweru cyangwa umuhondo werurutse cyangwa ishusho y'udupande dushushinyije ku mababi mu mabara y'icyatsi  amwe yerurutse andi yijimye. Kenshi na kenshi indwara ziterwa na virusi zituma igihingwa kigwingira mu mikurire yacyo, ibice byacyo nk'igihimba n'amababi bigata isura y'umwimerere.

Indwara ziterwa na virusi ku nyanya  harimo :

• Virusi y'ububembe bw'itabi cyangwa Ububembe bw'inyanya (TMV/ u ToMV)
• Virusi y'Ububembe bw'uduhaza twitwa Konkombure (concombre) (CMV)
• Virusi itera ibibara by'itabi(TEV)
• Virusi  Y y`ibijumba (PVY)
• Virusi y`ibirayi (PLRV)
• Virusi itera ibibara by'inyanya (TSWV)
• Virusi ya poivrons(PVMV)
• Virusi y`urusenda(CVMV Ou Chivmv)
• Virusi y`inyanya ihindura amababi umuhondo akanihina(TYLCV)

• Guhinga ubwoko bwihanganira indwara no gutera imbuto zifite ubuziranenge
• Kurinda ingemwe mu buhumbikiro hakoreshejwe umwenda w`imyenge
• Gucungana n'udukoko twaza mu murima
• Gukuramo ibyatsi bibi n'indabo biba indiri y'udukoko dutera indwara
• Gukuramo ingemwe zanduye
• Kwirinda ko ingenwe zifatana
• Gukura mu murima ingemwe zameze nabi n'imizi
• Abakozo ntibagomba kunywa itabi cyangwa kohereza umwotsi waryo mu murima w'inyanya kuko zishobora kwandura virusi iturutse mu itabi.

Ubukoko bw`ingenzi bw`ibyonnyi bufata inyanya ni igitangangurirwa gitukura,ubukoko bw'ikijuju, inzoka zo mu mbuto, isazi yera, udukoko turya amababi y'inyanya n'utumatirizi.

Izi ni isazi zera munsi y`ibabi.

Isazi nkuru zigira hafi mm 1 y`uburebure.

Izi sazi ni ibyonnyi bibi cyane ku nyanya. Isazi zera zifata inyanya kuva zikiri ingemwe kugeza igihe zimaze gukura. Zinyunyuza amatembabuzi mu mababi, zigatuma igihingwa gicika intege.

Igihingwa kigaburira izo sazi bigatuma amababi yafashwe ahinduka umuhondo. Ariko kwangiza gukomeye guterwa n'izi sazi ntabwo guhita kugaragara nk`izindi ndwara ziterwa na virusi, bwo bugaragara nyuma. Isazi zera zohereza virusi zitera indwara mu nyanya. By`umwihariko ni yo itera amababi y`inyanya kuba umuhondo no kwihinahina(TYLCV). Umubare muto w`izi sazi ntabwo uhita utera igihingwa kononekara by'ako ako kanya, ariko n`ubwo zaba nke ni ngombwa ko zigenzurwa mu turere zikunda kugaragaramo cyane.

• Igihe cyo guhinga n'igihe cyo kugemeka: mu gihe bishoboka, kudahinga inyanya mu gihe isazi zera zikunda kugaragaramo.
• Kugenzura ibihingwa ku buryo buhoraho.
• Gukoresha umutego w`umuhondo umatira ufata amasazi yera akuze.
• Kubagara umurima w`inyanya hakiri kare kandi ugakomeza kutabamo ibyatsi
• Guteramo umuti ukoze mu giti cyitwa Neem ( soma "Nimu"). Umuti wica ubukoko ukoze muri Nimu uzwiho kugabanya ikwirakwizwa ry`amagi y`isazi zera, ukabuza ibyana byazo gukura kandi ukagabanya ku buryo bugaragara ibyago byo gukwirakwira kwa virusi
• Gutera imiti y'amazi n'isabune byabugenewe na byo birinda izo sazi

• 

  Gutera ibihingwa bikumira udukoko dukwirakwiza virusi.^[16]

Inda zangiza ibihingwa nk'inyanya, ipamba, (Aphis gossypii, green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) zinyunyuza amatembabuzi y'igihingwa, bityo bigatuma igihingwa kidakura neza. Utu dukoko tubyara kandi ibizi byanduye bimatira nk' ubuki bibuza igihingwa gukura, bikanambura ubwiza imbuto igihe zigeze ku isoko. Izo nda zishobora kandi kwanduza indwara ziterwa na virusi nka virusi itera ububore bwa concombre.^[17]

• Korora udukoko turya inda: ubusanzwe birashoboka gucungana na zo hakoreshejwe udukoko tuzirya duitandukanye. By'umwihariko,  ni ngombwa kwirinda gukoresha imiti myinshi yica ubukoko kuko nayo yica utwo dukoko tuzihashya.
• Gukoresha isaso irwanya ubukoko. Isaso ishakisha ubukoko ikoze muri aluminium ibuza inda  kugwa ku bihingwa. Igihe iyo saso itagira umumaro ni igihe ibihingwa bigaye cyane ku buryo birenga ku isaso.^[18]

Tuta absoluta ni agakoko kangiza kibasira inyanya cyane cyane n’ibindi bihingwa byo mu muryango umwe n’inyanya (solanacea).^[18]

Tuta abusoluta yibasira cyane cyane amababi n’ibihimba. Ishobora kandi kuboneka munsi y’urugori rw’urubuto ndetse n’imbere rimwe na rimwe.Ubwone bukabije bw’aka gakoko butuma amababi yuma ndetse rimwe na rimwe n’igihingwa cyose  kikuma.^[19]

Bayirwanya bakoresha imiti nka mamectin benzoate na Abamectin bayisimburanya kugira ngo irwanye udukoko dukuze n’ibyana cyangwa amagi yayo.^[19]

Igihe cyo kwera kiba gitandukanye, kuva ku minsi 55 kugeza ku minsi 105. Ni byiza gusarura imbuto zihishije neza ariko zigikomeye. Amoko menshi agira inyanya z`umutuku wijimye. Inyanya zasaruwe zigomba gushyirwa mu gicucu mu gipimo cy`ubushyuhe  kiri munsi ya dogere  25oC n'ubuhehere buri hagati ya 80-90%.Urumuri si ngombwa ku nyanya zeze imburagihe. Inyanya zikiri icyatsi zishobora gusarurwa zikazagurishwa haciyemo igihe.^[20][21]

Gufata nabi inyama zimaze gusarurwa bishobora kwica ubwiza bwazo ku buryo bworoshye. Inyanya zasaruwe bisaba kuzitondera kugira ngo batazikomeretsa cyangwa ngo bazivange n`izangiritse. Ni byiza ko inyanya zisarurwa mu gihe igipimo cy`ubushyuhe ari cyiza nka mu gitondo cyangwa  nimugoroba. Umusaruro w`inyanya uratandukana bitewe n`ubwoko bwazo,bitewe n`uburyo zahinzwe n`uburyo zitawemo.^[20][22]

Inyanya zigisarurwa ziba ziteguye guhita zigurishwa ako kanya.  N`ubwo inyanya zishyirwa mu mboga zipfa vuba, zimara iminsi itatu cyangwa ine zibistwe ku gipimo cy`ubushyuhe bwo mu cyumba zirimo, zikaba zamara iminsi irenga icyumweru mu cyuma gikonjesha. Zishobora guhita zitunganywa mu ruganda iyo zimaze gusukurwa. Inyanya zishobora kubikwa mu dukopo mu ruganda ruzitunganya kandi zikabasha kubikika igihe kinini. Urusukume rw`inyanya rukorwa mu nyanya zikiri nshya kandi zishobora kubikika mu gihe kinini gishoboka mu gakopo gafunze neza umwuka utinjiramo. Inyanya zibitse mu dukopo zishobora kubikika igihe gitandukanye bitewe n`aho zateganyirijwe gukoreshwa.^[23][24]

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4} https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/burya-inyanya-mbisi-ni-ingirakamaro-kurusha-izitetse
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2} "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
5. ↑ https://www.rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/impamvu-10-zikwereka-ko-udakwiriye-kubura-inyanya-ku-ifunguro-rya-buri-munsi
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} https://www.rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/impamvu-10-zikwereka-ko-udakwiriye-kubura-inyanya-ku-ifunguro-rya-buri-munsi
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1} https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/reba-akamaro-inyanya-zifitiye-ubuzima-bwacu
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3} "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
9. ↑ https://www.teradignews.rw/waruzi-ko-inyanya-mbisi-zigira-akamaro-kurusha-izitetse-sobanukirwa/
10. ↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3} https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Bugarama-Umusaruro-winyanya-wariyongereye
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3} https://igihe.com/ubukungu/iterambere/inyanya-zifashwe-neza-zimara-umwaka-mu-murima-zisarurwa
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1 13.2} https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/gatsibo-abahinzi-binyanya-bahamya-ko-ari-igihingwa-gitanga-umusaruro-iyo-cyitaweho/
14. ↑ ^{14.0 14.1} https://yegob.rw/menya-impamvu-kurya-inyanya-mbisi-ari-bibi-kurusha-izitetse/
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1 15.2} http://www.agasaro.com/spip.php?article4033
16. ↑ https://bwiza.com/?Abacuruzi-b-inyanya-babangamiwe-n-igihombo-giterwa-no-kubura-abaguzi
17. ↑ https://umuseke.rw/2021/10/huye-abahinzi-binyanya-barataka-kubura-isoko-ryumusaruro-wabo/
18. ↑ ^{18.0 18.1} "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
19. ↑ ^{19.0 19.1} https://umurengezi.com/huye-abahinzi-binyanya-barataka-igihombo-baterwa-no-kuziburira-isoko/
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1} https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-49984065
21. ↑ https://www.intyoza.com/2018/12/03/rusizi-kutagira-isoko-rihoraho-bitera-igihombo-abahinzi-binyanya/
22. ↑ https://www.scoopernews.com/2023/02/22/akamaro-k-inyanya-mu-gikorwa-cyo-gutera-akabariro-hagati-y-abashakanye/39642069
23. ↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
24. ↑ https://umwezi.rw/?p=5139