Infrastructure tools to support an effective radiation oncology learning health system

Cire ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
science fiction theme (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	amnesia (en)

Cire ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine cirewar ɗan adam na ƙwaƙwalwan ajiya ko ƙungiyoyi daga hankali.

An nuna cewa share ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zai yiwu a wasu yanayin gwaji; wasu daga cikin dabarun da ake bincike a halin yanzu sune: Amnesia da aka haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, murkushe ƙwaƙwalwan ajiya, lalata neurons, katse ƙwaƙwalwa, sake ƙarfafawa, ^[1] da rushewar takamaiman hanyoyin kwayoyin. ^[2]

Akwai dalilai da yawa da ake gudanar da bincike kan su dan cire abubuwan tunawa. Marasa lafiya masu yuwuwa don wannan binciken sun haɗa da marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa kamar cututtuken damuwa, ko cututtukon amfani da kwayoyi, da sauransu.^[2]

Hakanan ana nuna share ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin ayyukan almara da yawa, tare da hanyoyin almara da kaddarorin da ba lallai ba ne su dace da gaskiyar kimiyya.

Binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan samun kyakkyawar fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin shekaru masu yawa, ta wannan hanyar haka bincike kan goge ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Tushen tarihin kwanan nan don gogewar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya an mai da hankali ne kan tantance yadda ƙwaƙwalwa take adana abubuwan tunawa da kuma dawo da su. An samu lokuta da dama inda masu bincike suka gano magungunan da idan aka yi amfani da su a wasu sassan kwakwalwa, yawanci amygdala, suna samun nasarar kawar da wasu abubuwan tunawa. Tun farkon 2009 masu bincike sun sami damar ganowa da lalata ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da hannu wajen tallafawa takamaiman nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da suke ƙoƙarin gogewa. Wadannan neurons an yi niyya ta hanyar amfani da kwayar cutar ta herpes simplex mai lahani (HSV) don haɓaka furotin mai ɗaurin amsawar adenosine monophosphate na cyclic (CREB) a cikinsu. A sakamakon haka, an kunna neurons a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro ko gwadawa sau da yawa a cikin nau'in daji da CREB-rashin beraye. Don binciken, an yi amfani da berayen transgenic waɗanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da toxin diphtheria zuwa sel da aka fi so waɗanda ke wuce gona da iri na CREB, tunda waɗannan su ne sel waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tunanin tsoro. Wannan ya haifar da gogewar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da aka yi niyya amma ya ba wa berayen damar ƙirƙirar sabbin tunanin tsoro wanda ya tabbatar da cewa sel ɗin suna da hannu ne kawai wajen adana tunanin tsoro ba tare da ƙirƙirar su ba.^[3]

Baya ga tsarin ilimin halittu don nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, bincike a cikin ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa game da yadda abubuwan tunawa ke gudana tsawon shekaru da yawa. An sami wasu nazarin da ke nuna cewa wasu hanyoyin maganin halayya na iya shafe munanan abubuwan tunawa.^[4] Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa ilimin halin ɗan adam da sauran dabarun makamashi na iya taimakawa tare da manta abubuwan tunawa a tsakanin sauran batutuwan tabin hankali babu wata ingantacciyar hanyar warkewa don ƙoƙarin share abubuwan tunawa.^[5]

Akwai nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban na yiwuwar marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da damar samun fa'ida mai girma daga zaɓin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa; waɗannan sun haɗa da mutanen da ke fama da jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko matsalar damuwa ta posttraumatic (PTSD). Marasa lafiya na PTSD na iya haɗawa da tsoffin sojan yaƙi, mutanen da suka ga munanan abubuwan da suka faru, waɗanda aka yi wa laifuffukan tashin hankali da sauran abubuwa da yawa masu yiwuwa masu rauni. Waɗannan majinyata masu yuwuwa suna da tunanin da ba a so wanda zai iya cutar da rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun kuma ya sa su kasa yin aiki yadda ya kamata.

An ci gaba da bincike, kuma a cikin 2020, masu bincike suna duba yuwuwar sabbin hanyoyin magance jiyya na PTSD.^[6][7]

Akwai manyan nau'ikan abubuwan tunawa guda uku: ƙwaƙwalwar hankali, ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, a takaice, ita ce ikon riƙe bayanan azanci na ɗan gajeren lokaci, misali, kallon abu da kuma iya tunawa da yadda yake kama da bayan lokaci. Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci shine ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda ke ba mutum damar tunawa da ɗan gajeren lokaci; wannan na iya zama 'yan daƙiƙa zuwa minti ɗaya. Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci yana ba mutane damar tunawa da abin da ya faru a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ba tare da yin aiki da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci tana da ƙarfin girma fiye da na baya biyu kuma a zahiri tana adana bayanai daga waɗannan nau'ikan abubuwan tunawa don ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ɗorewa da girma. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci ita ce mafi girman manufa don bincike da ya ƙunshi zaɓin gogewar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.^[8]

A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo akwai nau'ikan riƙewa da yawa. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (ko 'ƙwaƙwalwar tsoka') gabaɗaya ana kwatanta shi azaman ikon tuna yadda ake amfani da abubuwa ko takamaiman motsin jiki (misali ta amfani da guduma). Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, (ko 'ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira') shine abin da mutum zai iya jawo hankalinsa a hankali don tunawa.

Amnesia da ke haifar da ƙwayoyi shine ra'ayin zaɓin rasa ko hana ƙirƙirar abubuwan tunawa ta amfani da kwayoyi. Ana iya amfani da Amnesia azaman magani ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka sami raunin hankali ko don hanyoyin likita inda cikakken maganin sa barci ba zaɓi bane. Amnesia da ke haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma illa ce ta wasu magunguna kamar barasa da rohypnol.

Akwai wasu magungunan da su ma za su iya sa masu amfani da su a saka su cikin yanayin afuwar, inda suke samun wani nau’in amnesia saboda amfani da su. Misalan waɗannan magungunan sun haɗa da Triazolam, Midazolam da Diazepam.^[9]

Akwai bayanai da yawa masu girma waɗanda suka nuna cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta dogara ne akan filastik synaptic na kwakwalwa, tare da babban ɓangaren wannan yana dogara ne akan ikonta na kiyaye ƙarfin dogon lokaci (LTP).[15]. Nazarin kan LTP kuma ya fara nuna cewa akwai hanyoyin da yawa na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa a tushen ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.[16] Hanyar kwanan nan don goge abubuwan tunawa da ƙungiyoyin da kwakwalwa ke yi da abubuwa suna rushe takamaiman hanyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke ba da damar abubuwan tunawa.[17]

Masu shan methamphetamine (METH) masu murmurewa sun ba da rahoton cewa ganin wasu abubuwa kamar wuta, danko ko kayan maye na iya haifar da sha'awa mai yawa wanda a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da karyewar karfin tunaninsu kuma ya sa su sake komawa[2]. Wannan yana nuna cewa za a iya kiran abubuwan tunawa na dogon lokaci ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda aka yi tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba tare da ƙoƙarin mutum ba. Tare da haɓaka imani cewa abubuwan tunawa suna da goyan baya ta hanyar aiki da filastik tsarin da aka samo daga F-actin polymerization a cikin spines dendritic postsynaptic a synapses masu ban sha'awa.[2]

Zaɓin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine ra'ayin cewa wani zai iya toshe ƙwaƙwalwar da ba'a so da sani ba. Daban-daban dabarun warkewa ko horo an yi ƙoƙarin gwada wannan ra'ayi tare da nasara iri-iri.[18] Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna mayar da hankali kan toshe dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta amfani da dabarun dannewa don koya wa kwakwalwa a hankali don danne ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ko da yake wasu daga cikin waɗannan fasahohin sun kasance masu amfani ga wasu mutane amma ba a nuna su a matsayin yanke shawara a fili don manta abubuwan tunawa ba. Domin ba a goge waɗannan abubuwan da gaske ba amma kawai sun danne tambayar ta yaya mafita ta dindindin da kuma abin da ya faru da abubuwan tunawa na iya zama da damuwa ga wasu.[19]

Zaɓin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wani abu ne da zai iya faruwa ba tare da mutum ya sani ba yana danne ƙirƙira da kuma dawo da abubuwan da ba a so ba. Lokacin da wannan ya faru ba tare da sanin mutumin ba yawanci ana kiransa da hana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya; ita kanta memorin ana kiransa dannewa.[20]

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da masana kimiyya suka yi ƙoƙarin goge waɗannan abubuwan tunawa ta hanyar dannewa shine ta katse sake ƙarfafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ita ce lokacin da mutum ya tuna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yawanci abin tsoro ne, ya zama mai sauƙi ga canzawa, sa'an nan kuma a sake adana shi.[21]. Wannan ya sa masu bincike da yawa suka yi imani cewa wannan lokacin shine lokaci mafi dacewa don canza tunanin ko gogewa. Bincike ya nuna cewa ta hanyar sakamakon horar da ɗabi'a ya nuna cewa sun sami damar goge abubuwan tunawa ta hanyar yin lalata da abubuwan tunawa yayin lokacin sake ƙarfafawa.[22]

Tare da shaidun da ke nuna cewa tunani daban-daban suna tada jijiyoyin jini daban-daban ko tsarin jijiya a cikin kwakwalwa[23] dabarun lalata zaɓaɓɓun ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwakwalwa don goge takamaiman abubuwan tunawa kuma ana bincike. Nazarin ya fara bincikar yiwuwar yin amfani da gubobi daban-daban tare da ilimin kimiyyar halittu wanda ke ba masu bincike damar ganin wuraren da ake amfani da su na kwakwalwa a lokacin tsarin koyo na lada na yin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don lalata ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin wata takarda da aka buga a cikin 2009, marubuta sun nuna cewa neurons a cikin amygdala na gefe waɗanda ke da babban matakin cyclic adenosine monophosphate amsa furotin mai ɗaure (CREB) an kunna su da farko akan sauran ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar faɗar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Wannan ya nuna musu cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da hannu kai tsaye wajen yin alamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro. Daga nan sai suka ci gaba da horar da beraye ta hanyar amfani da horon jin tsoro don samar da ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro. Sun ci gaba da bincika ko wane ne daga cikin neurons ya wuce gona da iri na CREB sannan, ta yin amfani da dabarun diphtheria-toxin da ba za a iya magance su ba, sun lalata waɗancan jijiyoyi, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da kawar da ƙwaƙwalwa mai ƙarfi na ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro.[1]

Masu bincike sun kuma gano cewa matakan da ake amfani da su na neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, na iya yin tasiri kan abubuwan da suka fi shahara a zukatanmu.[24]

Hanya na zaɓin goge abubuwan tunawa na iya yiwuwa ta hanyar optogenetics, nau'in jiyya na kwayoyin halitta wanda ke kaiwa takamaiman ƙwayoyin jijiya. A cikin 2017, masu bincike a Stanford sun nuna wata dabara don lura da ɗaruruwan jijiya masu harbi a cikin kwakwalwar linzamin kwamfuta, a ainihin lokacin, kuma sun danganta wannan aikin zuwa adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Ta hanyar amfani da ƙwayar cuta don haifar da samar da sunadaran sunadaran haske a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da tsoro, za su iya goge ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar raunana hanyoyin ta amfani da haske.[26][27]

Akwai al'amari na epistemological wajen tantance ko rashin shaida (watau alamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya) shaida ce ta rashi. A cikin gwaje-gwaje na gwaji, rashin hali mai nuna alamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wani lokaci ana fassara shi azaman rashin alamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya; duk da haka, nakasar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na iya zama na ɗan lokaci saboda gazawar tunawa.[28] A madadin haka, alamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta kasance a ɓoye kuma ana iya nunawa ta hanyar tasirin sa kai tsaye akan sabon koyo.[29][30] Batun auna yana haɓaka ta gaskiyar cewa hanyoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya suna da ƙarfi kuma maiyuwa ba koyaushe suna bayyana a wurare guda ɗaya ba ko a tsaye da sauƙaƙan canje-canje masu iya ganewa ta hanyar fasahar zamani.

Michael Davis, mai bincike a Jami'ar Emory, ya yi jayayya cewa za a iya kammala cikakkiyar gogewa kawai idan duk abubuwan da suka faru na halitta da suka faru lokacin da aka kafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya sun koma matsayinsu na asali.[31] Halin fasaha na yanzu da hanya maiyuwa ba su da hankali sosai don gano kowane nau'in alamun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Davis ya yi iƙirarin cewa, saboda yin waɗannan ma'auni a cikin hadaddun kwayoyin halitta abu ne da ba za a iya yarda da shi ba, manufar kawar da ƙwaƙwalwar gaba ɗaya (abin da ya ɗauka "ƙaƙƙarfan nau'i na mantuwa") ba shi da amfani a kimiyance.[31]

Kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin sabbin fasahohi ra'ayin samun damar goge abubuwan tunawa yana zuwa tare da tambayoyin ɗa'a da yawa. Wata tambaya ta ɗabi'a da ta taso ita ce ra'ayin cewa ko da yake akwai wasu abubuwan tunawa masu raɗaɗi waɗanda wasu mutane (misali majinyatan PTSD) za su so a kawar da su, ba duk abubuwan da ba su da daɗi ba su da kyau.[7] Ikon tausasa ko goge abubuwan tunowa na iya yin tasiri sosai kan yadda al'umma ke aiki. Ikon tunawa da illolin da ba su da daɗi daga abin da ya gabata yana da babban tasiri kan ayyukan da za su yi a nan gaba. Tunawa da koyo daga kuskuren da suka gabata yana da mahimmanci a cikin haɓakar tunanin mutum kuma yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa ba su maimaita kuskuren baya ba[32]. Ikon goge ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma na iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan doka. Lokacin da yazo don ƙayyade sakamakon gwaji, ikon canza ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zai iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan tsarin shari'a. Wata tambayar da ta shafi ɗabi'a da ta taso ita ce ta yaya gwamnati za ta yi amfani da wannan fasaha da waɗanne hane-hane da za a yi. Wasu suna damuwa cewa idan sojoji za su iya shiga yaƙi da sanin cewa za a iya goge abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira a wannan lokacin kawai ba za su iya kiyaye ɗabi'a da ƙa'idodin soja ba.[7] Wasu da dama kuma na nuna shakku game da wa ya kamata a yi musu matakai, don haka suna kira da a kafa wasu dokoki don tantance hakan.

1. ↑ Chan, Jason C. K.; Lapaglia, Jessica A. (2013). "Impairing existing declarative memory in humans by disrupting reconsolidation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (23): 9309–13. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9309C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1218472110. PMC 3677482. PMID 23690586.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Young, Erica J.; Aceti, Massimiliano; Griggs, Erica M.; Fuchs, Rita A.; Zigmond, Zachary; Rumbaugh, Gavin; Miller, Courtney A. (2013). "Selective, Retrieval-Independent Disruption of Methamphetamine-Associated Memory by Actin Depolymerization". Biological Psychiatry. 75 (2): 96–104. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.036. PMC 4023488. PMID 24012327.
3. ↑ Han, Jin-Hee; Kushner, Steven A. K; Yiu, Adelaide P.; Hsiang, Hwa-Lin; Buch, Thorsten; Waisman, Ari; Bontempi, Bruno; Neve, Rachael L.; Frankland, Paul W.; Josselyn, Sheena A. (2009). "Selective Erasure of a Fear Memory". Science. 323 (5920): 1492–6. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1492H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.417.8531. doi:10.1126/science.1164139. PMID 19286560. S2CID 1257448.
4. ↑ Agren, Thomas; Engman, Jonas; Frick, Andreas; Björkstrand, Johannes; Larsson, Elna-Marie; Furmark, Tomas; Fredrikson, Mats (2012). "Disruption of Reconsolidation Erases a Fear Memory Trace in the Human Amygdala". Science. 337 (6101): 1550–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1550A. doi:10.1126/science.1223006. PMID 22997340. S2CID 39399936.
5. ↑ Foa, Edna B.; Gillihan, Seth J.; Bryant, Richard A. (2013). "Challenges and Successes in Dissemination of Evidence-Based Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress: Lessons Learned from Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 14 (2): 65–111. doi:10.1177/1529100612468841. PMC 4338436. PMID 25722657.
6. ↑ "Exploring the Potential to Eliminate Traumatic Memories". Psychiatry.org. American Psychiatric Association. May 28, 2020. Archived from the original on Jan 27, 2024.
7. ↑ Maren, Stephen A. (April 14, 2020). "Can Traumatic Memories Be Erased?". Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. Archived from the original on Jan 27, 2024.
8. ↑ McLaughlin, Katy (June 13, 2020). "Implicit Memory – The Definitive Guide". Biology Dictionary. Archived from the original on Jan 26, 2024.
9. ↑ "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)". National Institute of Mental Health. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on Dec 18, 2020.