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Medgar Evers
Evers c. 1963
Born
Medgar Wiley Evers

(1925-07-02)July 2, 1925
Decatur, Mississippi, U.S.
DiedJune 12, 1963(1963-06-12) (aged 37)
Jackson, Mississippi, U.S.
Cause of deathGunshot wound
Burial placeArlington National Cemetery (with full military honors)
EducationAlcorn State University (BA)
OccupationCivil rights activist
Spouse
​
(m. 1951)​
Children3
RelativesCharles Evers (brother)
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service / branch United States Army
Years of service1943–1946
RankTechnician Fifth Grade
Unit657th Port Company
Battles / wars

Medgar Wiley Evers (/ˈmɛdɡər/; July 2, 1925 – June 12, 1963) was an American civil rights activist and soldier who was the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi. Evers, a United States Army veteran who served in World War II, was engaged in efforts to overturn racial segregation at the University of Mississippi, end the segregation of public facilities, and expand opportunities for African Americans, including the enforcement of voting rights when he was assassinated by Byron De La Beckwith.

A college graduate, Evers became active in the civil rights movement in the 1950s. Following the 1954 ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, Evers challenged the segregation of the state-supported public University of Mississippi. He applied to law school there, as the state had no public law school for African Americans. He also worked for voting rights, economic opportunity, access to public facilities, and other changes in the segregated society. In 1963 Evers was awarded the NAACP Spingarn Medal.

Evers was murdered in 1963 at his home in Jackson, Mississippi, now the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument, by Byron De La Beckwith,[1] a member of the White Citizens' Council in Jackson.

His murder and the resulting trials inspired civil rights protests. His life and death have inspired numerous works of art, music, and film. Although all-white juries failed to reach verdicts in the first two trials of De La Beckwith in the 1960s, he was convicted in 1994 based on new evidence. Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, became a noted activist in her own right, and served as national chair of the NAACP. In 1969, after passage of civil rights legislation and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Medgar's brother Charles Evers was elected as mayor of Fayette, Mississippi. He was the first African American to be elected mayor of a Mississippi city in the post-Reconstruction era.

Early life and education

Evers while he was serving in the U.S. Army

Medgar Wiley Evers was born on July 2, 1925, in Decatur, Mississippi, the third of five children (including elder brother Charles Evers) of Jesse (Wright) and James Evers.[2] The family included Jesse's two children from a previous marriage.[3][4] The Evers family owned a small farm and James also worked at a sawmill.[5] Evers and his siblings walked 12 miles (19 kilometers) a day to attend racially segregated schools; eventually Medgar earned his high school diploma.[6]

In 1943, Evers enlisted in the United States Army at the age of 17; he was prompted to do so by the racism he experienced at home and Charles' prior enlistment in the Army. Evers served in the 657th Port Company, a segregated unit of the Army's Transportation Corps, participating in the Normandy landings on June 1944. In France, Evers' unit was part of the Red Ball Express, which delivered supplies to Allied troops fighting on the frontlines. During his time in the Army, Evers was angered by the segregation and mistreatment endured by African-American troops. Witnessing Black soldiers of the Free French Forces being treated as the equals of white troops, he once told Charles that "When we get out of the Army, we’re going to straighten this thing out!"

In 1946, Evers was discharged from the Army at the rank of technician fifth grade, having earned the Good Conduct Medal, European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal.[7] After returning to Decatur, Evers enrolled at the historically black Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College in 1948, majoring in business administration.[8][9] He also competed on the debate, football, and track teams, sang in the choir, and was elected as junior class president.[10] Evers earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1952.[9] On December 24, 1951, Evers married classmate Myrlie Beasley.[11] Together they had three children: Darrell Kenyatta, Reena Denise, and James Van Dyke Evers.[12][13]

Activism

The couple moved to Mound Bayou, Mississippi, a town developed by African Americans after the Civil War. Evers became a salesman for T. R. M. Howard's Magnolia Mutual Life Insurance Company.[14]

Becoming active in the civil rights movement, he served as president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL), which began to organize actions to end segregation;[15] Evers helped organize the RCNL's boycott of those gasoline stations that denied blacks the use of the stations' restrooms. He and his brother, Charles, attended the RCNL's annual conferences in Mound Bayou between 1952 and 1954, which drew crowds of 10,000 or more.[16]

In 1954, following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, Evers applied to the state-supported University of Mississippi Law School to challenge that practice in the state. His application was rejected due to his race, as the flagship school had long been segregated.[17] Evers submitted his application as part of a test case by the NAACP.[18]

On November 24, 1954,[19] Evers was named as the NAACP's first field secretary for Mississippi.[5] In this position, he helped organize boycotts and set up new local chapters of the NAACP. Evers was also involved with James Meredith's efforts to enroll in the University of Mississippi in the early 1960s.[18]

Evers also encouraged Dr. Gilbert Mason Sr. in his organizing of the Biloxi wade-ins from 1959 to 1963, protests against segregation of the city's public beaches on the Mississippi Gulf Coast.[20] Evers conducted actions to help integrate Jackson's privately owned buses and tried to integrate the public parks. Evers led voter registration drives and used boycotts to integrate Leake County schools and the Mississippi State Fair.[8]

Evers' civil rights leadership, along with his investigative work, made him a target of white supremacists. Following the Brown v. Board of Education decision, local whites founded the White Citizens' Council in Mississippi, and numerous local chapters were started, to resist the integration of schools and facilities. In the weeks before Evers was killed, he encountered new levels of hostility. Evers' public investigations into the 1955 lynching of Chicago teenager Emmett Till in Mississippi, and his vocal support of Clyde Kennard, had made Evers a prominent black leader. On May 28, 1963, a Molotov cocktail was thrown into the carport of his home.[21] On June 7, 1963, Evers was nearly run down by a car after he came out of the NAACP office in Jackson, Mississippi.[14]

Death

The rifle used by De La Beckwith to assassinate Evers
The Evers house at 2332 Margaret Walker Alexander Drive, now the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument, where Medgar Evers was fatally shot after getting out of his car.[22]

Evers lived with the constant threat of death. A large white supremacist population and the Ku Klux Klan were present in Jackson and its suburbs. The risk was so high that before his death, Evers and his wife, Myrlie, had trained their children on what to do in case of a shooting, bombing, or other kind of attack on their lives.[23] Evers, who was regularly followed home by at least two FBI cars and a police car, arrived at his home on the morning of his death without an escort. None of his usual protection was present, for reasons unspecified by the FBI or local police. There has been speculation that many members of the police force at the time were members of the Klan.[24]

In the early morning of Wednesday, June 12, 1963, just hours after President John F. Kennedy's nationally televised Civil Rights Address, Evers pulled into his driveway after returning from a meeting with NAACP lawyers. His family had worried for his safety that day, and Evers himself had warned his wife that he felt in greater danger than usual.

Emerging from his car and carrying NAACP T-shirts that read "Jim Crow Must Go", Evers was struck in the back with a bullet fired from an Eddystone Enfield 1917 rifle; the bullet passed through his heart. Initially thrown to the ground by the impact of the shot, Evers rose and staggered 30 feet (10 meters) before collapsing outside his front door. His wife, Myrlie, was the first to find him.[23]

Evers was taken to the local hospital in Jackson, where he was initially refused entry because of his race. Evers' family explained who he was, and he was admitted; Evers died in the hospital 50 minutes later, three weeks before his 38th birthday.[25][full citation needed] Evers was the first black man to be admitted to an all-white hospital in Mississippi.[23] Mourned nationally, Evers was buried on June 19 in Arlington National Cemetery, where he received full military honors before a crowd of more than 3,000 people.[15][26][27]

Aftermath

After Evers was assassinated, an estimated 5,000 people marched from the Masonic Temple on Lynch Street to the Collins Funeral Home on North Farish Street in Jackson. Allen Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and other civil rights leaders led the procession.[28] The Mississippi police came to the non-violent protest armed with riot gear and rifles. While tensions were initially high in the stand-off between police and marchers, both in Jackson and in many similar marches around the state, leaders of the movement maintained non-violence among their followers.[24]

Trials

On June 21, 1963, Byron De La Beckwith, a fertilizer salesman and member of the Citizens' Council (and later of the Ku Klux Klan), was arrested for Evers' murder.[29] District Attorney and future governor Bill Waller prosecuted De La Beckwith.[30] All-white juries in February and April 1964[31] deadlocked on De La Beckwith's guilt and failed to reach a verdict. At the time, most black people were still disenfranchised by Mississippi's constitution and voter registration practices; this meant they were also excluded from juries, which were drawn from the pool of registered voters.

Myrlie Evers did not give up the fight for the conviction of her husband's killer. She waited until a new judge had been assigned in the county to take her case against De La Beckwith back into the courtroom.[23] In 1994, De La Beckwith was prosecuted by the state based on new evidence. Bobby DeLaughter was the prosecutor. During the trial, the body of Evers was exhumed for an autopsy.[32] His body was embalmed, and was in such good condition that his son was allowed to view his father's remains for the first time in 30 years.[33]

De La Beckwith was convicted of murder on February 5, 1994 and sentenced to life in prison, after having lived as a free man for much of the three decades following the killing. He had been imprisoned from 1977 to 1980 for conspiring to murder A. I. Botnick. In 1997, De La Beckwith appealed his conviction in the Evers case but the Mississippi Supreme Court upheld it and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear it.[34] He died at the age of 80 in prison on January 21, 2001.[35][36]

Legacy

Grave at Arlington National Cemetery

Evers was memorialized by leading Mississippi and national authors James Baldwin, Margaret Walker, Eudora Welty, and Anne Moody.[37] In 1963, Evers was posthumously awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP.[38] In 1969, Medgar Evers College was established in Brooklyn, New York, as part of the City University of New York.

Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, co-wrote the 1967 book For Us, the Living with William Peters. In 1983, a television movie was made based on the book. Celebrating Evers's life and career, it starred Howard Rollins Jr. and Irene Cara as Medgar and Myrlie Evers, airing on PBS. The film won the Writers Guild of America award for Best Adapted Drama.[39]

In 1969, a community pool in the Central District neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, was named after Evers, honoring his life.[40]

On June 28, 1992, the city of Jackson, Mississippi, erected a statue in honor of Evers. All of Delta Drive (part of U.S. Highway 49) in Jackson was renamed in his honor. In December 2004, the Jackson City Council changed the name of the city's airport to Jackson–Medgar Wiley Evers International Airport in Evers' honor.[41]

Statue of Evers at the Medgar Evers Boulevard Library in Jackson, Mississippi

Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, became a noted activist in her own right, eventually serving as national chairperson of the NAACP.[42] Myrlie also founded the Medgar Evers Institute in 1998, with the initial goal of preserving and advancing the legacy of her husband's life's work. Anticipating the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the assassination of Medgar Evers and recognizing the international leadership role of Myrlie Evers, the Institute's board of directors changed the organization's name to the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Institute.

Evers' brother, Charles Evers, returned to Jackson in July 1963, and served briefly with the NAACP in his brother's place. Charles remained involved in Mississippi civil rights activities for many years, and in 1969, was the first African-American mayor elected in the state.[43] He died on July 22, 2020, at the age of 97, in nearby Brandon.[44]

On the 40th anniversary of Evers' assassination, hundreds of civil rights veterans, government officials, and students from across the country gathered around his grave site at Arlington National Cemetery to celebrate his life and legacy. Barry Bradford and three students—Sharmistha Dev, Jajah Wu, and Debra Siegel, formerly of Adlai E. Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Illinois—planned and hosted the commemoration in his honor.[45] Evers was the subject of the students' research project.[46]

In October 2009, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus, a former Mississippi governor, announced that USNS Medgar Evers (T-AKE-13), a Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship, would be named in the activist's honor.[47] The ship was christened by Myrlie Evers-Williams on November 12, 2011.[48]

In June 2013, a statue of Evers was erected at his alma mater, Alcorn State University, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Evers' death.[49] Alumni and guests from around the world gathered to recognize his contributions to American society.

Evers was also honored in a tribute at Arlington National Cemetery on the 50th anniversary of his death.[50] Former President Bill Clinton, Attorney General Eric Holder, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus, Senator Roger Wicker, and NAACP President Benjamin Jealous all spoke commemorating Evers.[51][52] Evers's widow, Myrlie Evers-Williams, spoke of his contributions to the advancement of civil rights:[53]

Medgar was a man who never wanted adoration, who never wanted to be in the limelight. He was a man who saw a job that needed to be done and he answered the call and the fight for freedom, dignity and justice not just for his people but all people.

Evers was identified as a Freedom hero by The My Hero Project.[6]

In 2017, the Medgar and Myrlie Evers House was named as a National Historic Landmark.[54] In 2019, the site was designated a National Monument.

The Route 3 Bridge over the Hackensack River is dedicated to Evers.

In 2024, Evers was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.[55]

Music

Musician Bob Dylan wrote his song "Only a Pawn in Their Game" about the assassination on July 2, 1963, on what would have been Evers' 38th birthday. Nina Simone wrote and sang "Mississippi Goddam" about the Evers case. Phil Ochs referred to Evers in the song "Love Me, I'm a Liberal" and wrote the songs "Another Country" and "Too Many Martyrs" (also titled "The Ballad of Medgar Evers") in response to the killing. Malvina Reynolds referenced Evers's murder in her song, "It Isn't Nice". Matthew Jones and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Freedom Singers recorded a version of the latter song.[56] Wadada Leo Smith's album Ten Freedom Summers contains a track called "Medgar Evers: A Love-Voice of a Thousand Years' Journey for Liberty and Justice".[57] Jackson C. Frank's self-titled debut album, released in 1965, also includes a reference to Medgar Evers in the song "Don't Look Back".[58]

Essays and books

Eudora Welty's short story, "Where Is the Voice Coming From?", in which the speaker is the imagined assassin of Medgar Evers, was published in The New Yorker in July 1963.[59]

Attorney Bobby DeLaughter wrote a first-person narrative article entitled "Mississippi Justice" published in Reader's Digest about his experiences as state prosecutor in the murder trial. He added to this account in a book, Never Too Late: A Prosecutor's Story of Justice in the Medgar Evers Case (2001).[60]

In Remembering Medgar Evers: Writing the Long Civil Rights Movement,[61] Minrose Gwin, then the Kenan Eminent Professor of English at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and coeditor of The Literature of the American South and the Southern Literary Journal, looked at the body of artistic work inspired by Evers' life and death—fiction, poetry, memoir, drama, and songs from James Baldwin, Margaret Walker, Eudora Welty, Lucille Clifton, Bob Dylan, and Willie Morris, among others.

Film

Evers was portrayed by Howard Rollins in the 1983 television film For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story.[62]

The 1996 film Ghosts of Mississippi, directed by Rob Reiner, explores the 1994 trial of De La Beckwith in which prosecutor DeLaughter of the Hinds County District Attorney's office secured a conviction in state court. Beckwith and DeLaughter were played by James Woods and Alec Baldwin, respectively, with Whoopi Goldberg as Myrlie Evers. Medgar was portrayed by James Pickens Jr. The film was based on a book of the same name.[63][64]

In the documentary film I Am Not Your Negro (2016), Evers is one of three Black activists (the other two are Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X) who are the focus of reminiscences by author James Baldwin, who recounts the circumstances of and his reaction to Evers' assassination.[65]

In the 2011 film The Help, a clip of Evers speaking for civil rights is shown on TV, quickly followed by news of his assassination, and a glimpse of an article by his widow published in Life magazine.[66]

The 2020 documentary film "The Evers" features interviews with his surviving family members.[67]

The 2022 film Till depicts Evers (played by Tosin Cole) assisting Mamie Till-Bradley (Danielle Deadwyler) seek justice for the murder of her son, Emmett Till (Jalyn Hall).

Television

A 2021 episode of Extra History from Extra Credits talks about Evers, his activism, and assassination.[68]

See also

References

  1. ^ Barnett, Ross (April 18, 2002). "The Medgar Evers Assassination]". PBS Newshour. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  2. ^ Evers, Charles; Szanton, Andrew (1997). Have no fear: the Charles Evers story. p. 5. OCLC 60191485.
  3. ^ "James Charles Evers" Archived September 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Black Past
  4. ^ "Medgar W. Evers – Civil Rights Activist". memorial.org. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.
  5. ^ a b Williams, Reggie (July 2, 2005). "Remembering Medgar". Afro King – American Red Star. p. A1.
  6. ^ a b Sina (2005). "Freedom Hero: Medgar Wiley Evers". The My Hero Project. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
  7. ^ Evers-Williams, Myrlie; Marable, Manning (2005). The Autobiography of Medgar Evers: A Hero's Life and Legacy Revealed Through His Writings, Letters and Speeches. New York City: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 0-465-02177-8.
  8. ^ a b Arroyo, Elizabeth (2006). "Medgar Evers". In Palmer, Colin A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History (2nd ed.). London, England: Macmillan. p. 738. ISBN 978-0028658162.
  9. ^ a b "Evers, Medgar (2 July 1925 – 12 June 1963), Civil Rights Activist, Was ..." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  10. ^ Padgett, John B. (2008). "Medgar Evers". The Mississippi Writers Page. Olive Branch, Mississippi: University of Mississippi. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  11. ^ THOMAS, United States Library of Congress (June 9, 2003). "Commending Medgar Wiley Evers and his widow, Myrlie Evers-Williams for their lives and accomplishments, designating a Medgar Evers National Week of Remembrance, and for other purposes (Introduced in Senate – IS)". thomas.loc.gov. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  12. ^ Eyes on the Prize; Interview with Darrell Evers, retrieved February 10, 2021
  13. ^ Cardon, Dustin (January 21, 2013). "Myrlie Evers-Williams". Jackson Free Press. Jackson, Mississippi: Association of Alternative Newsweeklies. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  14. ^ a b National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (June 24, 2013). "NAACP HISTORY: MEDGAR EVERS". naacp.org. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013.
  15. ^ a b Wesleyan University (June 24, 2013). "Medgar Evers: July 2, 1925 – June 12, 1963" (PDF). wesleyan.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  16. ^ Beito, David T.; Royster Beito, Linda (2018). T.R.M. Howard: Doctor, Entrepreneur, Civil Rights Pioneer. Oakland, California: Independent Institute. pp. 88–93. ISBN 978-1598133127.
  17. ^ Ribeiro, Myra (2001). The Assassination of Medgar Evers. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8239-3544-4. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
  18. ^ a b Brown, Nikki L. M.; Stentiford, Barry M. (2008). The Jim Crow Encyclopedia: Greenwood Milestones in African American History. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 277–78. ISBN 978-0-313-34181-6. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
  19. ^ Wynne, Ben (2011). Black America: A State-By-State Historical Encyclopedia. p. 436.
  20. ^ Randall, Dorian (June 17, 2013). Medgar Evers: Direct Action. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  21. ^ Johnson, Hank (January 21, 2013). "H.Res.1022 – Honoring the life and sacrifice of Medgar Evers and congratulating the United States Navy for naming a supply ship after Medgar Evers". beta.congress.gov. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  22. ^ Medgar Evers home tour Archived December 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved December 25, 2013
  23. ^ a b c d Bates, Karen Grigsby. "Trials & Transformation: Myrlie Evers' 30-Year Fight to Convict Medgar's Accused Killer", Emerge 02 1994: 35. ProQuest. Web. May 27, 2017
  24. ^ a b Moody, Anne (1976). Coming of Age in Mississippi: The Classic Autobiography of Growing Up Poor and Black in the Rural South. New York City: Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0440314882.
  25. ^ Birnbaum, p. 490.
  26. ^ Orejel, Keith (Winter–Spring 2012). "The Federal Government's Response to Medgar Evers's Funeral". Southern Quarterly. 49 (2/3). Hattiesburg, Mississippi: University of Southern Mississippi: 37–54..
  27. ^ Ellis, Kate; Smith, Stephen (2011). "State of Siege: Mississippi Whites and the Civil Rights Movement". American Public Media. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  28. ^ O'Brien, M. J. (2013). We Shall Not Be Moved: The Jackson Woolworth's Sit-In and the Movement It Inspired. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 118. ISBN 978-1617037436. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  29. ^ Dufresne, Marcel (October 1991). "Exposing the Secrets of Mississippi Racism". American Journalism Review. College Park, Maryland: Philip Merrill College of Journalism. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  30. ^ Mitchell, Jerry (June 2, 2013). "Medgar Evers: Assassin's gun forever changed a family". USA Today. Mclean, Virginia. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  31. ^ "White Supremacist Indicted for Third Time in Shooting Death of Medgar Evers". Jet. Vol. 79, no. 12. January 7, 1991.
  32. ^ Baden, M. M. (2006). "Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation". In Spitz, W.U.; Spitz, D.J. (eds.). Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (4th ed.). Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. pp. 174–83. ISBN 978-0398075446.
  33. ^ Volkpublished, David (January 2, 2023). "How long does it take for a body to decompose?". livescience.com.
  34. ^ Batten, Donna (2010). Gale Encyclopedia of American Law (3rd ed.). p. 266.
  35. ^ "Deliverance." People Weekly February 21, 1994: 60. ProQuest. Web. May 27, 2017
  36. ^ "Unfinished Business". U.S. News & World Report January 24, 1994: 14. ProQuest Web. May 27, 2017
  37. ^ Gwin, Minrose (2008). "Mourning Medgar: Justice, Aesthetics, and the Local". Southern Spaces. doi:10.18737/M79W22. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  38. ^ "NAACP Spingarn Medal". Naacp.org. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  39. ^ "For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story". www.allrovi.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  40. ^ "Seattle Parks and Recreation History of Medgar Evers pool" (PDF). Seattle Parks and Recreation History. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
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  44. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (July 22, 2020). "Charles Evers, Businessman and Civil Rights Leader, Dies at 97". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  45. ^ "Medgar Evers" Archived February 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Arlingon Cemetery. Note: Bradford later was notable for his work in helping reopen the Mississippi Burning and Clyde Kennard cases.
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  47. ^ Mabus, Ray, "The Navy Honors a Civil Rights Pioneer." Archived October 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine The White House Blog. October 9, 2009. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
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  55. ^ "President Biden Announces Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom". The White House. May 3, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
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  57. ^ "Ten Freedom Summers". Cuneiform Records. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  58. ^ "Retrospective Reviews II: Jackson C. Frank". Isis Magazine. November 16, 2016. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
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  60. ^ Never Too Late: A Prosecutor's Story of Justice in the Medgar Evers Case. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2001. ISBN 978-0743223393. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  61. ^ Gwin, Minrose (2013). Remembering Medgar Evers: Writing the Long Civil Rights Movement by Minrose Gwin. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780820335643. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  62. ^ Kaltenbach, Chris (December 10, 1996). "Actor Rollins dies Appreciation: Baltimore native earned acclaim for dramatic film, stage performances". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  63. ^ Vollers, Maryanne (1995). Ghosts of Mississippi: the murder of Medgar Evers, the trials of Byron de la Beckwith and the haunting of the new South. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-91485-7. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
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Further reading

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medgar_Evers