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In baseball, a complete game (CG) is the act of a pitcher pitching an entire game without the benefit of a relief pitcher.[1] A pitcher who meets this criterion will be credited with a complete game regardless of the number of innings played—pitchers who throw an entire official game that is shortened by rain will still be credited with a complete game, while starting pitchers who are relieved in extra innings after throwing nine or more innings will not be credited with a complete game. A starting pitcher who is replaced by a pinch hitter in the final half inning of a game will still be credited with a complete game.

Cy Young, the all-time MLB complete-game leader

The frequency of complete games has evolved since the early days of baseball. The complete game was essentially an expectation in the early 20th century and pitchers completed almost all of the games they started. In modern baseball, the feat is much more rare and no pitcher has reached 30 complete games in a season since 1975; in the 21st century, a pitcher has thrown 10 or more complete games in a season only twice.

Historical trend

Historical MLB complete game trend
Year Games started Complete games Complete game % Ref
1904 2,496 2,186 87.6 [2]
1914 3,758 2,067 55.0 [2]
1924 2,462 1,198 48.7 [2]
1934 2,446 1,061 43.4 [2]
1944 2,484 1,123 45.2 [2]
1954 2,472 840 34.0 [2]
1964 3,252 797 24.5 [2]
1974 3,890 1,089 28.0 [2]
1984 4,210 632 15.0 [2]
1994 3,200 255 8.0 [2]
2004 4,854 150 3.1 [2]
2014 4,860 118 2.4 [3]
2024 4,858 28 0.6 [4]

In the early 20th century, it was common for most good Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers to pitch a complete game almost every start, barring injury or ejection. Pitchers were expected to complete games they started. Over the course of the 20th century, complete games became less common, to the point where a modern pitcher may pitch an entire season without throwing a complete game. (In the 2024 MLB season, 0.6% of starts were complete games.)[5] To put this in perspective, as recently as the 1980s, 10–15 complete games a year by a star pitcher was not unheard of, and in 1980, Oakland Athletics pitcher Rick Langford threw 22 consecutive complete games.[6] Years earlier, Robin Roberts of the Philadelphia Phillies threw 28 consecutive complete games, spanning the 1952 and 1953 seasons. In 1962, a news article detailed Bo Belinsky's concern when he failed to complete six starts in a row.[7]

This change has been brought about by strict adherence to pitch counts as a basis for removing a pitcher, even though he may appear to be pitching well, and new pitching philosophies in general. Many have come to believe that the risk of arm injuries becomes far more prevalent after a pitcher has thrown 100 to 120 pitches in a single game.[8] Though Hall-of-Famer Nolan Ryan once threw well over 200 pitches in a single game (a 1974 contest in which he pitched 13 innings),[9] it is now rare for a manager to allow a pitcher to throw more than 120 pitches in a start. Former pitcher Carl Erskine noted the increase in ex-pitchers on coaching staffs since the 1950s, whom he considered better evaluators of a pitchers' ability to pitch late into games. [10] Given this, sabermetricians generally regard Cy Young's total of 749 complete games as the career baseball record that will never be broken.[citation needed] Further supporting the belief is that only three pitchers (Young, Ryan, and Don Sutton) even made at least 749 starts in their careers.[11]

James Shields threw 11 complete games in the 2011 season for the Tampa Bay Rays, becoming the first pitcher to reach double digits in a single season since CC Sabathia threw 10 complete games for the Cleveland Indians and Milwaukee Brewers in 2008. The last pitcher to throw as many as 15 complete games in a single season was Curt Schilling, who accomplished that feat for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1998. The last pitcher to throw 20 complete games in a single season was Fernando Valenzuela, who did so for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1986. The last pitcher to throw 25 complete games in a season was Rick Langford, who had 28 for the Oakland Athletics in 1980. The last pitcher to throw 30 complete games in a season was Catfish Hunter, who did so for the New York Yankees in 1975.

Career leaders

Further information: List of Major League Baseball career complete games leaders
  1. Cy Young – 749
  2. Pud Galvin – 646
  3. Tim Keefe – 554
  4. Walter Johnson – 531
  5. Kid Nichols – 531
  6. Bobby Mathews – 525
  7. Mickey Welch – 525
  8. Charley Radbourn – 489
  9. John Clarkson – 485
  10. Tony Mullane – 468
  11. Jim McCormick – 466
  12. Gus Weyhing – 448
  13. Grover Cleveland Alexander – 437
  14. Christy Mathewson – 434
  15. Jack Powell – 422
  16. Eddie Plank – 410
  17. Will White – 394
  18. Amos Rusie – 392
  19. Vic Willis – 388
  20. Tommy Bond – 386

All pitchers above are right-handed, except for Eddie Plank. All also played most or all of their careers before the start of the modern live-ball era of baseball, which began during the 1920 season and was fully established in 1921. Among pitchers whose entire careers were in the live-ball era, the all-time leader in complete games is Warren Spahn, whose total of 382 places him 21st all-time.

Active career leaders

Through March 28, 2024, the top 9 active players who lead MLB in career complete games were:[12]

Rank Name Complete games
1 Justin Verlander 26
2 Clayton Kershaw 25
3 Johnny Cueto 18
4 Chris Sale 16
5 Sandy Alcantara 12
5 Dallas Keuchel 12
5 Max Scherzer 12
8 Carlos Carrasco 11
9 Gerrit Cole 8

Single-season leaders

  1. Will White – 75 (1879)
  2. Charley Radbourn – 73 (1884)
  3. (tie) Pud Galvin – 72 (1883)
  5. (tie) Guy Hecker – 72 (1884)
  7. (tie) Jim McCormick – 72 (1880)
  9. Pud Galvin – 71 (1884)
  10. (tie) John Clarkson –68 (1885)
  12. (tie) John Clarkson – 68 (1889)
  14. (tie) Tim Keefe – 68 (1883)
  16. Bill Hutchison – 67 (1892)
  17. (tie) Jim Devlin – 66 (1876)
  19. (tie) Matt Kilroy – 66 (1886)
  21. (tie) Matt Kilroy –66 (1887)
  23. (tie) Charley Radbourn – 66 (1883)
  25. (tie) Toad Ramsey – 66 (1886)
  27. (tie) Pud Galvin – 65 (1879)
  29. (tie) Bill Hutchison – 65 (1890)
  31. (tie) Jim McCormick –65 (1882)
  33. Silver King – 64 (1888)
  35. (tie) Tony Mullane – 64 (1884)
  37. (tie) Mickey Welch – 64 (1880)
  39. (tie) Will White – 64 - (1883)

All pitchers were right-handed except Matt Kilroy and Toad Ramsey. The record for complete games in a live-ball season is 36, set by Bob Feller in 1946.[13]

Other records

  • Jack Taylor completed 187 consecutive games he started between 1901 and 1906.[14]
  • Leon Cadore and Joe Oeschger share the record for the longest complete game, achieved when they pitched against each other in a 26-inning marathon that ended in a 1–1 tie on May 1, 1920.[15]
  • Allan Travers allowed 26 hits and 24 runs in a 1912 complete game, both still records.

Notes

  1. ^ Dickson, Paul (1999). The new Dickson baseball dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-15-600580-7. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Baseball Prospectus 2007, p.75
  3. ^ "2014 Major League Baseball Standard Pitching". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  4. ^ "2024 Major League Baseball Standard Pitching". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  5. ^ [1] 2024 Major League Baseball Standard Pitching
  6. ^ Rick Langford Game Logs 1980 Season
  7. ^ Richman, Milton (June 22, 1962). "Belinsky Finally Wins 7th". The Gadsden Times. p. 8. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  8. ^ Baseball Prospectus 2007, p.79
  9. ^ June 14, 1974 Boxscore, Red Sox vs. Angels
  10. ^ Zimniuch, Fran (2010). Fireman: The Evolution of the Closer in Baseball. Chicago: Triumph Books. pp. 73–4. ISBN 978-1-60078-312-8.
  11. ^ "Career Leaders & Records for Games Started". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  12. ^ "Active Career Leaders in Complete Games". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
  13. ^ "Yearly League Leaders & Records for Complete Games".
  14. ^ "SABR's Baseball Biography Project: Jack Taylor". Archived from the original on 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  15. ^ Complete Games Records by Baseball Almanac

References

See also

source: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_game