Histopathology image classification: Highlighting the gap between manual analysis and AI automation
Transitional Government of National Unity | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Founded | 17 June 1985 |
| Disbanded | 28 February 1989 |
| Leadership | |
Speaker of the National Assembly | Johannes Skrywer[1] |
Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers | Rotational |
| Meeting place | |
| Tintenpalast, Windhoek[2] | |
 |
|---|
The Transitional Government of National Unity (TGNU) (Afrikaans: Oorgangsregering van Nasionale Eenheid (ORNE)), was an interim government for South West Africa (Namibia) between June 1985 to February 1989.[3]
Background
Following the 1975–1977 Turnhalle Constitutional Conference, the first multiracial elections were held in the occupied territory in 1978, and a National Assembly as well as a Ministers' Council was constituted. Dirk Mudge became chairman of the Ministers' Council. Already in 1972 the United Nations had decreed SWAPO to be the "sole legitimate representative" of Namibia's people, but SWAPO was not invited to the Turnhalle conference and boycotted the subsequent elections. The United Nations Security Council consequently declared the election null and void, and the interim government illegitimate.[4][5]
Following interference by the South African Administrator-General the Council of Ministers resigned, and on 18 January 1983 South Africa accepted the dissolution of both the legislative and the executive body without elections being scheduled, and again assumed full administrative authority over South West Africa.[6][7]
The subsequent void was filled by South African administrators. Willie van Niekerk was appointed administrator-general for South West Africa and Jan F Greebe became chief executive officer. A Judicial Commission was appointed. Urged by United Nations Security Council Resolution 532 to speed up the process of releasing the territory into independence, a State Council was established in May 1983. In September this Council was obsoleted by the establishment of the Multi-Party Conference (MPC) which consisted of 19 parties but again excluded SWAPO.[8] The MPC issued the Windhoek Declaration of Basic Principles in 1984[9] and the Bill of Fundamental Rights and Objectives, wherein the establishment of a Transitional Government of National Unity is requested from the South African administration, in 1985.[10]
Establishment
On 17 June 1985, the Transitional Government of National Unity was established by the South African Administrator-General through the promulgation of "the South West Africa Legislative and Executive Authority Establishment Proclamation, 1985" (Proclamation R.101 of 1985). Its legislative and executive actions were subject to South African approval,[10] with newly appointed administrator-general Louis Pienaar having the veto right on all legislation to be passed.[11] The TGNU was perceived as a client government of South Africa that sought moderate reform but was unable to secure recognition by the United Nations.[12]
Structure
The interim government consisted of a 62-seat National Assembly and an 8-seat Council of Ministers.
The assembly was dominated by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), then an alliance of ethnically based political parties.[12] However, the position of the DTA was not as strong as in the previous assembly after the 1978 elections where it occupied 41 out of the 50 seats. This time, the five smaller parties could easily outvote the DTA.[13]
National Assembly
The 62 seats in the National Assembly were allocated such that the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) had 22, and five smaller parties got 8 seats each: South West African Labour Party (LP), the National Party of South West Africa (NP), the Rehoboth Free Democratic Party, the South West Africa National Union (SWANU), and the SWAPO Democrats (SWAPO-D).[11] Johannes Skrywer of the DTA, who had been Speaker of the previous assembly established in 1978, was elected as the Speaker of the new assembly.[1]
The composition of the National Assembly was as follows:
Council of Ministers
The 8 member Council of Ministers of the TGNU was chaired on a three-month rotational basis by its members.
Chairs
| Dates[14] | Chairman | Ministerial portfolio[10] | Party |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17 June 1985 — 16 September 1985 | Dawid Bezuidenhout | Transport | Labour Party |
| 17 September 1985 — 16 December 1985 | Hans Diergaardt | Local Authorities and Civic Affairs | Rehoboth Free Democratic Party |
| 17 December 1985 — 16 March 1986 | Moses Katjikuru Katjiuongua | Manpower, National Health and Welfare | SWANU |
| 17 March 1986 — 16 June 1986 | Fanuel Kozonguizi | Justice, Information, Post and Telecommunication | Democratic Turnhalle Alliance |
| 17 June 1986 — 16 September 1986 | Andrew Matjila | Education and Central Personnel Institution | Democratic Turnhalle Alliance |
| 17 September 1986 — 16 December 1986 | Dirk Mudge | Finance and Government Affairs | Democratic Turnhalle Alliance |
| 17 December 1986 — 31 January 1987 | Ebenezer van Zijl | Agriculture, Water Affairs and Fisheries | South West National Party |
| 1 February 1987 — 30 April 1987 | Andreas Shipanga | Nature Conservation, Mining, Commerce and Tourism | SWAPO Democrats |
| 1 May 1987 — 31 July 1987 | Dawid Bezuidenhout | Transport | Labour Party of Namibia |
| 1 August 1987 — 17 January 1988 | Jan de Wet | South West National Party | |
| 18 January 1988 — 17 April 1988 | Moses Katjikuru Katjiuongua | Manpower, National Health and Welfare | South West African National Union |
| 18 April 1988 — 17 July 1988 | Andrew Matjila | Education and Central Personnel Institution | Democratic Turnhalle Alliance |
| 18 July 1988 — 17 October 1988 | Dirk Mudge | Finance and Government Affairs | Democratic Turnhalle Alliance |
| 18 October 1988 — December 1988 | Andreas Shipanga | Nature Conservation, Mining, Commerce and Tourism | SWAPO Democrats |
| December 1988 — January 1989 | Andrew Matjila | Education and Central Personnel Institution | Democratic Turnhalle Alliance |
| January 1989 — 28 February 1989 | Harry Booysen | Labour Party of Namibia |
End of the TGNU
The Transitional Government of National Unity was suspended on 28 February 1989 following the signing of a peace agreement the previous year. As stipulated by United Nations Security Council Resolution 435, a United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) was deployed on 1 April 1989. Elections to a Constituent Assembly were held in November 1989 and the territory became independent as the Republic of Namibia on 21 March 1990.[15]
References
- ^ a b "Johannes Skrywer vorgestellt im Namibiana Buchdepot".
- ^ "Humanitec · Home · Ibali".
- ^ "Democratic elections in Namibia: An International Experiment in Nation Building" (PDF). www.ndi.org. June 1989.
- ^ Namibia profile, BBC News
- ^ Nohlen, Dieter; Krennerich, Michael; Thibaut, Bernhard (1999). Elections in Africa: a data handbook. Oxford University Press. p. 660. ISBN 0-19-829645-2. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
- ^ NDI 1989, p. 12.
- ^ Owen, Robert C (Winter 1987–88). "Counterrevolution in Namibia". Airpower Journal. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
- ^ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1983". Retrieved October 29, 2014.
- ^ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1984". Retrieved October 29, 2014.
- ^ a b c Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1985". klausdierks.com. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
- ^ a b NDI 1989, p. 13.
- ^ a b DTA ‘Down but Not Out’ Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine RehobothBasters.org
- ^ Mudge, Dirk. The art of compromise: Constitution-making in Namibia (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Foundation. p. 126. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
- ^ List of TGNU leaders worldstatesmen.org
- ^ Wren, Christopher S (November 15, 1989). "Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control". New York Times.
Literature
