Histopathology image classification: Highlighting the gap between manual analysis and AI automation

A multi-chassis link aggregation group (MLAG or MC-LAG) is a type of link aggregation group (LAG) with constituent ports that terminate on separate chassis, primarily for the purpose of providing redundancy in the event one of the chassis fails. The IEEE 802.1AX-2008 industry standard for link aggregation does not mention MC-LAG, but does not preclude it. Its implementation varies by vendor; notably, the protocol for coordination between chassis is proprietary.

A LAG is a method of inverse multiplexing over multiple Ethernet links, thereby increasing bandwidth and providing redundancy. It is defined by the IEEE 802.1AX-2008 standard, which states, "Link Aggregation allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a Link Aggregation Group, such that a MAC client can treat the Link Aggregation Group as if it were a single link."^[1] This layer 2 transparency is achieved by the LAG using a single MAC address for all the device’s ports in the LAG group. LAG can be configured as either static or dynamic. Dynamic LAG uses a peer-to-peer protocol for control, called Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP). This LACP protocol is also defined within the 802.1AX-2008 standard.

MC-LAG adds node-level redundancy to the normal link-level redundancy that a LAG provides. This allows two or more nodes to share a common LAG endpoint. The multiple nodes present a single logical LAG to the remote end. Note that MC-LAG implementations are vendor-specific, but cooperating chassis remain externally compliant to the IEEE 802.1AX-2008 standard.^[2] Nodes in an MC-LAG cluster communicate to synchronize and negotiate automatic switchovers (failover). Some implementations may support administrator-initiated (manual) switchovers.

The diagram here shows four configurations:

1. Switches A and B are each configured to group four discrete links (as indicated in green) into a single logical link with four times the bandwidth. Standard LACP protocol ensures that if any of the links go down, traffic will be distributed among the remaining three.
2. Switch A is replaced by two chassis, switches A₁ and A₂. They communicate between themselves using a proprietary protocol and are thereby able to masquerade as a single "virtual" switch A running a shared instance of LACP. Switch B is not aware that it is connected to more than one chassis.
3. Switch B is also replaced by two chassis B₁ and B₂. If these switches are from a different vendor, they may use a different proprietary protocol between themselves. But "virtual" switches A and B still communicate using LACP.
4. Crossing two links to form an X makes no difference logically, any more than crossing links in a normal LAG would. However, physically it provides much improved fault tolerance (high availability). If any of the switches fail, LACP reconfigures paths in as little as a few seconds. Operation continues with paths existing between all sources and destinations, albeit with degraded bandwidth.

The HA configuration is superior to spanning tree. Load can be shared across all links during normal operation, whereas spanning tree must disable some links to prevent loops.

The following table lists known vendor implementations of MC-LAG, all of which are proprietary.

IEEE 802.1aq (Shortest Path Bridging) is an alternative to MC-LAG that can be used for complex networks.^[5]

TRILL (TRansparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) facilitates an Ethernet to have an arbitrary topology, and enables per flow pair-wise load splitting by way of Dijkstra's algorithm, without configuration and user intervention.