Histopathology image classification: Highlighting the gap between manual analysis and AI automation

Posted on May 21, 2024 By LabLynx Journal articles

Add links

A new AM class electric multiple unit at Puhinui in 2013, introduced as part of railway electrification in Auckland.

Auckland railway electrification occurred in phases as part of investment in a new infrastructure for Auckland's urban railway network. Electrification of the network had been proposed for several decades. Installation started in the late 2000s after funds were approved from a combination of regional (Auckland Regional Council, later Auckland Council) and central government (NZ Transport Agency) budgets.

In the 2007 budget, the government announced that Auckland suburban railway lines from Swanson in the west to Papakura in the south and including the Manukau and Onehunga branch lines would be electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC. Diesel DMU services would remain for Waitakere and perhaps Huapai and Pukekohe. A 2013 announcement said that because of cost, bus services would remain between Waitakere and Swanson, and did not mention an extension to Huapai. The $80 million contract for the electrification infrastructure was awarded on 14 January 2010 to an Australian and New Zealand consortium (HILOR); Hawkins Infrastructure of Parnell and Laing O'Rourke of Australia. Between Papakura, Newmarket, Britomart and Swanson there were 196 single-track kilometres. The overhead infrastructure design was to be based on Balfour Beatty's 3B English design.[1][2][3] The contract for 57 3-car EMUs was awarded on 6 October 2011 to Spanish manufacturer CAF.[4]

The first public electric service was on 28 April 2014 on the Onehunga Line.[5] Since July 2015, all services have been electric with the exception of Papakura to Pukekohe, which until 2022 ran as a diesel shuttle service, and Swanson to Waitakere, which runs a rail replacement bus service.

Electrification from Papakura to Pukekohe has long been proposed, but in the interim, Auckland Council intended to buy trains equipped with batteries (BEMU) that would have extended electric unit services to Pukekohe.[6] However this plan was abandoned following the 2017 general election. [7] The rationale for this became clear in late April 2018 when electrification between Papakura and Pukekohe was announced as part of the $28 billion Auckland Transport Alignment Project.[8][9] The New Zealand Upgrade Programme announced on 30 January 2020 included $371 million for Papakura to Pukekohe electrification. [10] [11] Work began in 2022 and was completed in August 2024. [12]

Specifications

Rail works preceding electrification, such as the triangle north of Newmarket, incorporated provision for electrification, such as base foundations. Bridge works increased clearances for the catenary.
The same junction as above in December 2010, with some of the traction poles in place. Newmarket Station is just around the corner of the building at right, with the tracks to Britomart going to left of picture. The tracks in the foreground are those of the Western Line.

Power supply

All four suburban lines between Swanson in the west and Papakura in the south are electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC,[13] the same voltage as the North Island Main Trunk between Te Rapa and Palmerston North. In contrast, the Wellington suburban network (electrified 1938–55) uses 1,500 V DC.

About 3,500 masts were installed as part of the project.[14] The Onehunga Line was the first line to be commissioned.[15]

The system is supplied by two connections to Transpower's 220 kV national grid, one at the former Southdown Power Station and the other at Transpower's Penrose substation. Both connections are duplicated (Penrose has limited duplication due to having only one 220/25 kV transformer), and one connection can supply the entire network if the other one fails, creating a high level of redundancy. KiwiRail said electrification would use less than 1% of Auckland's electricity capacity.[3]

In conjunction with the electrification to Pukekohe, a third connection for the system is planned, supplied from Transpower's Drury substation.[16]

Rolling stock

Main article: New Zealand AM class electric multiple unit

The decision to electrify was partly prompted by the ageing diesel train fleet becoming unreliable.[17] The fleet comprised diesel multiple units (DMUs) bought second-hand from Perth, Australia, and rebuilt British Rail Mark II carriages in push/pull configuration with DC and DFT locomotives; the Auckland Regional Transport Authority established that electric trains would be cheaper to run long term. Around the world, cities with high-frequency metropolitan passenger rail services use electric trains, partly because of their quieter operation, faster travel between stations and greater environmental benefits.[13]

After electrification a small number of diesel trains were retained to provide shuttle services between Papakura and Pukekohe.[18] In May 2012, the possibility of extending electrification to Pukekohe was to be investigated by Auckland Transport.[19]

The EMUs were delivered from 2013, with the last units in 2016.[15] In June 2013, it was confirmed they would be classified AM class (standing for Auckland Metro), with the motor car classified AMA, trailer car AMT, and motor/pantograph car AMP.[20]

In July 2017, Auckland Council's Finance & Performance Committee approved in principle an order from CAF of 17 EMUs equipped with batteries (BEMU) that would extend electric unit services to Pukekohe. The approval was subject to the New Zealand Transport Agency agreeing to fund at least 50% of the cost of the order and the future operation; the new units were expected to start operating in 2019.[6] In November 2017, it was announced that the proposed BEMU order had been cancelled and another 15 AM class units would be ordered.[7] The rationale for this became clear in late April 2018 when electrification between Papakura and Pukekohe was announced as part of the $28 billion Auckland Transport Alignment Project.[8][9]

Other infrastructure

Crossings, bridges and tunnels

There were 31 public level crossings between Swanson and Pukekohe and 8 on the Onehunga Branch. With electrification there is a need to safeguard crossings, since electric trains are quieter and more frequent. This includes bridges or tunnels in some cases, and the closure of small suburban street crossings in others.[21] Height restrictions of 4.25 metres or 5.0 metres were imposed to keep vehicles clear of overhead wires.[22]

The Broadway overbridge in Newmarket and Parnell Tunnel were among the first of about 40 structures that needed modification before electric trains could run.[23][24] Tracks were lowered in Purewa Tunnel on the Eastern Line.[25]

Signalling upgrades

The electrification was completed in conjunction with a NZ$90 million upgrade to the signalling system.[14] As the AC return current is through the rails, insulated rail joints had to be removed (or circumvented by joining rails with a bond wire). The old signalling system used track circuits with insulated rail joints; these had to be installed initially for the duplication of the Western Line. The new European Train Control System (ETCS, Mark II) uses train detection by axle counters.[26]

Station upgrades

The planning of the Parnell station[27] and upgrades to existing stations at Ellerslie (in combination with motorway works), Onehunga (lengthening for 3-car units) and Mount Albert (amenity upgrades),[15] took into consideration the electrification of the network, so that modifications were not needed later.

Maintenance depot

Funding arrangements for the rolling stock purchase included the construction of a maintenance depot and stabling facilities.[28] After looking at potential sites, 4.4 hectares of the old Winstone Quarry in Wiri (next to the South-Western Expressway, near the closed Wiri Station, and bordered by Roscommon and Wiri Station Roads) was selected, being large enough to house all the facilities required and adjacent to the NIMT railway line.[29]

Significant earthworks to prepare the site commenced in January 2011 and in May 2012 a NZ$40 million contract to construct the facility was awarded to Downer New Zealand Limited.[30] The facility was officially opened on 5 July 2013[31] and joint operational control was handed over to the train operator Transdev Auckland Limited and train supplier & maintenance operator CAF on 28 August 2013. The cost of the depot including land, construction and facility equipment was approximately NZ$100 million.

The facility includes 6 kilometres of sidings and a 7,650 square metre depot building consisting of office facilities and the main workshop where servicing of the 57 electric trains takes place. The workshop has seven maintenance berths and has overhead gantry cranes and jacking systems for lifting the trains, high-level platforms to access train roofs, under-floor pits and a wheel lathe. There are an automatic train wash and covered platforms to facilitate cleaning of the inside of the trains.[29] The facility has been future proofed to maintain a fleet of up to 109 electric trains.[32]

The ground floor offices house CAF and the first floor Transdev and staff amenities. The Transdev offices include the depot control office and driver training facilities, which include two train simulators. Each simulator is laid out exactly like the driver's cab with a large flat screen display in place of the windscreen that displays the view that the driver would see from the cab. The display is programmed with the Auckland railway network, filmed in 2012 and converted into video graphics. The simulator can be set to simulate daytime or night-time and includes a range of weather conditions, and it can simulate faults in the train and emergency situations.[33]

Train movements within the facility are controlled by Transdev staff from the depot control office.

The stabling capacity is 28 electric trains. There are other stabling yards at Henderson, The Strand Station, and Papakura.

Funding

The Auckland Regional Council envisaged that a regional fuel tax of five cents per litre would be required to pay for the trains, the upgrade of other rolling stock, above-track infrastructure development including stations and maintenance facilities, ferry terminal upgrades and other transport infrastructure including integrated smartcard ticketing, and the council was to fund the Auckland Regional Transport Authority to buy electric trains and to operate services, and to provide stabling and maintenance facilities.[13] The infrastructure was to be paid from national funds.

However, the Fifth National Government cancelled the proposed tax, with the electrification to be paid for by central government. This move was heavily criticised for leaving the electrification in doubt for a time, for delaying parts of the project, such as train tendering,[34] and for putting control of Auckland public transport into Wellington's hands.

In late 2009, the government confirmed that NZ$500 million in loans would be extended to KiwiRail to enable it to proceed with tendering for the rolling stock, a process that the cancellation of the fuel tax had interrupted by at least half a year.[35] The fact that the money was only a loan, with no means provided for Auckland or KiwiRail to raise extra funds to repay it (as was intended to be done with the regional fuel tax), was criticised strongly in Auckland, as it would mean that Auckland would pay for the trains yet not own them.[36]

In mid-2011, after long negotiations between Auckland Council/Auckland Transport and the government, it was announced that the trains would be owned by Auckland, with Auckland paying approximately half of the cost from rates, and paying annual track access charges to KiwiRail and any potential purchase price increases as the winning tenderer is finalised.[28]

The section of the Southern Line between Pukekohe and Papakura, was operated as a shuttle service using ADL/ADC class diesel multiple units until 2022. The Draft future urban land supply strategy states that electrification of the network would be extended southwards to Pukekohe once the special housing area at Paerata is opened up in the "second decade" of the plan, that is by 2030.[37] A petition for the electrification to be undertaken sooner was started by a local resident of Pukekohe,[38] and the matter was discussed by both main parties during campaigning for the 2017 general election. In preparation for future electrification, KiwiRail has been consulting with Transpower about a third power supply for its network from the Drury 220 kV switching station.[39]

In 2020, the government announced $371 million in funding to extend electrification from Papakura to Pukekohe,[40][41] with the upgrade expected to take two to three years (see also New Zealand Upgrade Programme).[42][43] There was criticism that KiwiRail was negotiating with two overseas-owned companies (McConnell Dowell, South Africa and John Holland, China) to carry out the contract, which is expected to provide over 200 jobs.[44] Work commenced in 2022 and was completed in August 2024.[12]

Timeline

2007, Electrification announced
2008, Regional fuel tax law passed
  • 3 July: A law is passed allowing regional fuel taxes to fund large capital projects, of up to 10c a litre but limited to 2c in 2009 and 5c in 2010.[45]
2009, Regional fuel tax cancelled
  • Early 2009: Before the regional fuel tax can be implemented, a change in government sees the incoming National government cancel the fuel tax, though electrification is still to be funded.
  • November 2009: The government confirms NZ$500 million in loans to KiwiRail to allow the interrupted purchasing process for the electric trains to continue.[35] It is later clarified that Auckland would have to repay the loan, without a mechanism to fund the extra cost. After negotiations between central and local government, this is reduced in severity by government providing over half of the purchase cost as a subsidy, with the rest still to be paid from rates.
2010, Electrification contract awarded
  • 14 January: KiwiRail announces that it has awarded the contract for electrification to a consortium (HILOR) of Hawkins Infrastructure, a division of New Zealand company Hawkins Construction, and Laing O'Rourke Australia, for NZ$80 million.[14]
2011, Construction of EMU maintenance and stabling depot begins
  • 4.4 hectares of the old Winstone Quarry in Wiri is selected as the site of a maintenance and stabling facility for the new trains. Earthworks preparing the site start in January 2011 and construction of the 7650 sq m building and the six kilometres of sidings in the stabling area commence in May 2012.[29]
  • 6 October 2011, CAF is confirmed as the successful tenderer, for approximately NZ$400 million.[4]
2013, Wiri EMU maintenance and stabling depot opened
  • 5 July: Auckland Mayor Len Brown officially opens the facility.[46]
  • 26 August: The first train (unit number AM 103) is delivered by truck to the depot for certification.[47] The train is officially unveiled during a ceremony at the depot on 12 September.[48]
2014 Scheduled EMU passenger services begin
  • 28 April: The first EMU passenger trains enter regular service between Britomart and Onehunga on the Onehunga Line. Three EMUs are used that day with unit AM 129 being the first in service, departing Onehunga at 05:46 followed by AM 116 at 06:10 and AM 103 used as a standby spare.
July 2015, Full electric service
  • 20 July: Electric trains begin operating all services between Swanson and Papakura, seven days a week.
August 2024, Electrification extended to Pukekohe
  • 13 August: Electrification was extended to Pukekohe.[49] Passenger services are expected to begin on 3 February 2025.[50]

Stages of completion

KiwiRail announced the works would be implemented in five phases:[14]

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 5

Progress

During the summer 2011-2012 shutdown, the approaches to Britomart were rebuilt to allow for electrification, masts installed and holes bored, and wiring completed in some areas.[51] During the 2013-2014 shut-down, the complex job of wiring Quay Park Junction, The Strand stabling facility and Britomart was completed.[52] By January 2014 wires had been installed:

  • Western Line: Swanson-Mount Albert, Newmarket-Britomart;
  • Southern Line: Britomart-Papakura;
  • Eastern Line: Britomart-Purewa Tunnel south end;
  • Manukau Branch;
  • Onehunga Branch.[52]

Services were planned to start during April 2014[53] and the first scheduled electric train service (from Britomart to Onehunga) took place on 28 April 2014.

The project was completed on 20 July 2015 with full electric train service across the network.[54]

Future expansion

The City Rail Link, which is scheduled to open in 2026,[55] will be electrified from the time of its opening, and it is likely that any future expansions of the rail network within Auckland would be electrified from the outset.

Western Line

The section of the Western Line between Swanson and Waitakere. Electrification was not carried out due to the low roof height of the Waitakere Tunnel and because enlarging it was considered to be an unjustified expense considering the low passenger numbers to Waitakere Station. Rail services to Waitakere were withdrawn when electric services commenced on the rest of the Western Line. Waitakere Village is now served by bus services connecting to Swanson and Henderson.

Further reading

The electrification project and associated works were described in five comprehensive articles by Ken Haydock in the journal New Zealand Railfan:[56]

  • Part 1: Introduction and civil engineering projects on the Western Line (March 2014 Volume 20 No 2, pages 24–37)
  • Part 2: Civil engineering projects on the NIMT, North Auckland Line and the Newmarket, Onehunga and Manakau Branches (June 2014 Volume 20 No 3, pages 53–68)
  • Part 3: The Auckland Metro Re-signalling Project (December 2014 Volume 21 No 1, pages 52–64)
  • Part 4: The erection of the overhead line equipment (March 2015 Volume 21 No 2, pages 50–64)
  • Part 5: The erection of the overhead line equipment and power supply is completed (June 2015 Volume 21 No 3, pages 45–58)

See also

References

  1. ^ The Electrification of Auckland’s Suburban Railway by Ken Haydock: Part 4 in New Zealand Railfan, March 2015 page 50: Volume 21 No 2
  2. ^ "Auckland Electrification". 13 August 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  3. ^ a b "KiwiRail awards Auckland rail electrification contract". Radio New Zealand. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Train contract heralds new era in public transport". Auckland Transport Press Release. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  5. ^ "'Stunning' electric trains launched - but soon face delays". The New Zealand Herald. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  6. ^ a b "Electric-battery multiple-units planned for Auckland". Railway Gazette. 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Auckland's battery trains sidelined for $133m electric train deal". 7 November 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  8. ^ a b "What you need to know about the $28b Auckland Transport Alignment Project". 26 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  9. ^ a b "$28 billion funding package for Auckland roading and public transport projects unveiled". The New Zealand Herald. 26 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  10. ^ "Electric rail link will connect Pukekohe with the rest of Auckland". Stuff (Fairfax). 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Govts infrastructure announcement where will the money be spent". Stuff (Fairfax). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Major construction milestones achieved in Papakura to Pukekohe electrification project". KiwiRail. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  13. ^ a b c "ARC, Rail Electrification". Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  14. ^ a b c d "An electrifying start". Manukau Courier. 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
  15. ^ a b c "EMU, Depot and Electrification Infrastructure" (PDF). Report to the Auckland Council Transport Committee. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  16. ^ "Transmission Planning Report 2019" (PDF). Transpower. p. 108. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  17. ^ "City rail commuters in for rough ride". The New Zealand Herald. 22 May 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  18. ^ a b 21st century public transport for Auckland Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine - Auckland Regional Transport Authority, Thursday 17 May 2007
  19. ^ Mathew Dearnaley (22 May 2012). "Push for electric to Pukekohe". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  20. ^ "Progress on new EMU cars for Auckland". New Zealand Railfan. 19 (3): 14–15. June 2013. ISSN 1173-2229.
  21. ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (15 March 2008). "$21m 'wonderful' news for rail safety". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  22. ^ "Height Restrictions at level crossings in Auckland" (PDF). KiwiRail. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  23. ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (8 January 2010). "Struggle to get tracks ready for Big Day Out". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  24. ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (5 October 2007). "First steps towards electric rail". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
  25. ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (10 January 2011). "Trains back on track after two-week shutdown". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  26. ^ The Electrification of Auckland’s Suburban Railway by Ken Haydock: Part 5 in New Zealand Railfan, June 2015 page 45: Volume 21 No 3
  27. ^ "ARC presses for Parnell train station". The New Zealand Herald. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  28. ^ a b Dearnaley, Mathew (2 September 2011). "City gets 50pc more electric trains". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  29. ^ a b c "The Wiri Maintenance and Stabling Facility". Auckland Transport Press Release. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  30. ^ "Downer to build train depot for Auckland Transport in New Zealand". Railway Technology. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  31. ^ "Maintenance and stabling facility opens for Auckland's new trains". Auckland Transport Press Release. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  32. ^ "Auckland Transport Awards Trains Depot Construction Contract". Scoop. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  33. ^ "Learning to drive Auckland's new trains". Auckland Transport. 12 August 2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  34. ^ "Brian Rudman: Promised electric trains derailed by misguided enthusiasm". The New Zealand Herald. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  35. ^ a b $500m electric train boost 'historical' for Auckland - ARC Archived 21 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine - The New Zealand Herald, Tuesday 24 November 2009
  36. ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (26 May 2011). "Auckland wants to own trains, not lease them". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  37. ^ "Draft Future Urban Land Supply Strategy" (PDF). Auckland Council. 17 August 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  38. ^ Shaun Eade (13 August 2015). "A petition to electrify the train line to Pukekohe is gathering steam". Waikato Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  39. ^ "Transmission Planning Report - October 2018". Transpower New Zealand. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.. Section 8.4.2.6.
  40. ^ "Bringing electric trains to Pukekohe". KiwiRail. 2023.
  41. ^ Jane Paterson (29 January 2020). "Govt's $12b infrastructure spend: Rail, roads and DHBs the big winners". Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  42. ^ "Pukekohe electrification ahead but questions still remain". Stuff/Fairfax. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  43. ^ "Electric rail link will connect Pukekohe with the rest of Auckland". Stuff/Fairfax. 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  44. ^ "KiwiRail says New Zealanders will benefit from $371m rail project". Stuff/Fairfax. 12 June 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  45. ^ Nats attack new fuel tax law - The New Zealand Herald, 4 July 2008
  46. ^ "Stabling facility opens for Auckland's trains". Scoop.co.nz. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  47. ^ "Auckland's first new train has arrived". Auckland Transport Press Release. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  48. ^ "Electric trains unveiled". Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  49. ^ "Major construction milestones achieved in Papakura to Pukekohe electrification project". KiwiRail. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  50. ^ "Christmas and New Year timetables". Auckland Transport. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  51. ^ "Auckland rail electrification: current activities". KiwiRail. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  52. ^ a b "Auckland's rail network – electrification map" (PDF). KiwiRail. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  53. ^ "Auckland's first electric trains on track in April despite setbacks". The New Zealand Herald. 18 May 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  54. ^ "Auckland's trains going all-electric". Auckland Transport. 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  55. ^ "Project delivery & construction". Auckland Transport. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  56. ^ ISSN 1173-2229
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_railway_electrification

    by LabLynx

    Website

    Related Posts