Histopathology image classification: Highlighting the gap between manual analysis and AI automation
The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (Pub. L. 96–95 as amended, 93 Stat. 721, codified at 16 U.S.C. §§ 470aa–470mm), also referred to as ARPA, is a federal law of the United States passed in 1979 and amended in 1988. It governs the excavation of archaeological sites on federal and Native American lands in the United States, and the removal and disposition of archaeological collections from those sites.[1]
ARPA was launched in the 1970s after applications of the Antiquities Act of 1906 were declared "unconstitutionally vague". The Antiquities Act was unable to protect historical sites from criminal looting. Several attempts by the federal land-managing agencies and prosecutors to use this act resulted in judges saying that provisions regarding criminal prosecution were unconstitutionally vague making it unenforceable.[2] ARPA regulates access to archaeological resources on federal and Native American lands. Uniform regulations were issued by the Department of the Interior, the Department of Agriculture, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Department of Defense. Archaeological resources are defined as "any material remains of human life or activities which are at least 100 years of age, and which are archaeological interest."[3] ARPA also defines "of archaeological interest" as "capable of providing scientific or humanistic understandings of past human behavior, cultural adaption, and related topics."[3] ARPA forbids anyone from excavating or removing archaeological resources from federal or Native American land without a permit from a land managing agency. ARPA also forbids any sales, purchase, exchange, transport, or receipt. Those who violate can face substantial fines and even a jail sentence if convicted, and any relevant archaeological resources will be confiscated.
See also
References
- ^ Seidemann, Ryan M. (November 9, 2006). "The Reason Behind the Rules: The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 and Scientific Study". Bepress Legal Series. bepress Legal Series, Working Paper 1874. Berkeley Electronic Press.
- ^ McManamon, Francis P. (2006). "The Foundation for American Public Archaeology: Section 3 of the American Antiquities Act of 1906". In Harmon, David; McManamon, Francis P.; Pitcaithley, Dwight T. (eds.). The Antiquities Act: A Century of American Archaeology, Historic Preservation, and Nature Conservation. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780816525614.
- ^ a b King, Thomas F. (2013). Cultural Resource Laws and Practice: An Introductory Guide (4th ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. p. 252. ISBN 9780759121751.
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