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Kula da haihuwa, wanda kuma aka sani da hana haihuwa da kuma kula da haihuwa, hanya ce ko na'urar da ake amfani da ita don hana ciki.[1] Tun zamanin da ake amfani da kariyar haihuwa, amma ingantattun hanyoyin hana haifuwa sun kasance a cikin ƙarni na 20 kawai.[2] Tsara, samarwa, da kuma amfani da tsarin haihuwa ana kiranta tsarin iyali.[3][4] Wasu al'adu suna iyakance ko hana samun damar haihuwa saboda suna ganin bai dace da ɗabi'a, addini, ko siyasa ba.[2]
Hanyoyi mafi inganci na hana haihuwa sune haihuwa ta hanyar vasectomy na maza da ligation na tubal a cikin mata, na'urorin ciki (IUDs), da hana haihuwa da za'a iya dasa su.[5] Wannan yana biye da wasu hanyoyin tushen hormone ciki har da ƙwayoyi na baka, faci, zoben farji, da allurai.[5] Hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri sun haɗa da shinge na jiki kamar kwaroron roba, diaphragms da soso na hana haihuwa da hanyoyin wayar da kan haihuwa.[5] Mafi ƙarancin hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su shine maganin maniyyi da cirewar namiji kafin fitar maniyyi.[5] Bakarawa, yayin da yake da tasiri sosai, ba yawanci ake juyawa ba; duk sauran hanyoyin suna jujjuya su, mafi yawan nan da nan bayan dakatar da su.[5] Ayyukan jima'i masu aminci, kamar yin amfani da kwaroron roba na maza ko mata, na iya taimakawa wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka ta hanyar jima'i.[6] Sauran hanyoyin hana haihuwa ba su kariya daga cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i.[7] Tsarin haihuwa na gaggawa zai iya hana daukar ciki idan an sha cikin sa'o'i 72 zuwa 120 bayan jima'i mara kariya.[8][9] Wasu suna jayayya cewa rashin yin jima'i ma wani nau'i ne na hana haihuwa, amma ilimin jima'i-kawai na iya kara yawan ciki na samari idan an ba da shi ba tare da ilimin hana haihuwa ba, saboda rashin bin doka.[10][11]
A cikin samari, masu juna biyu suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na sakamako mara kyau.[12] Cikakken ilimin jima'i da samun damar haihuwa yana rage yawan ciki maras so a cikin wannan rukunin shekaru.[12][13] Yayin da matasa za su iya amfani da kowane nau'i na hana haihuwa gabaɗaya,[14] maganin hana haihuwa da aka daɗe ana iya jujjuyawa kamar su implants, IUDs, ko zoben farji sun fi samun nasara wajen rage yawan ciki na samari.[13] Bayan haihuwa, macen da ba ta shayarwa ba za ta iya sake samun ciki bayan makonni huɗu zuwa shida.[14] Wasu hanyoyin hana haihuwa za a iya farawa nan da nan bayan haihuwa, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar jinkirta har zuwa watanni shida.[14] A cikin matan da suke shayarwa, hanyoyin progestin kawai an fi fifita fiye da haɗa magungunan hana haihuwa.[14] A cikin matan da suka kai ga lokacin al'ada, ana ba da shawarar ci gaba da hana haihuwa har tsawon shekara guda bayan al'ada ta ƙarshe.[14]
Kimanin mata miliyan 222 da ke son gujewa ɗaukar ciki a ƙasashe masu tasowa ba sa amfani da tsarin hana haihuwa na zamani.[13][15] Yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ya rage yawan mace-mace a lokacin ciki ko kuma lokacin ɗaukar ciki da kashi 40% (kimanin mutuwar 270,000 da aka hana a 2008) kuma zai iya hana kashi 70% idan an biya cikakkiyar buƙatar hana haihuwa.[16][17] Ta hanyar tsawaita lokaci tsakanin masu juna biyu, hana haihuwa na iya inganta sakamakon haihuwar mata manya da kuma rayuwar 'ya'yansu.[16] A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kuɗin da mata ke samu, kadarori, da nauyi, da kuma karatun yaransu da lafiyarsu, duk suna inganta tare da samun damar samun damar haihuwa.[18] Haihuwa yana haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki saboda ƙarancin yara masu dogaro, ƙarin mata da ke shiga cikin ma'aikata, da ƙarancin amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu.[18][19][20]
Manazarta
- ↑ "Definition of Birth control". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hanson, S.J.; Burke, Anne E. (2010). "Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion". In Hurt, K. Joseph; Guile, Matthew W.; Bienstock, Jessica L.; Fox, Harold E.; Wallach, Edward E. (eds.). The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 382–395. ISBN 978-1-60547-433-5.
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2012.
- ↑ World Health Organization (WHO). "Family planning". Health topics. World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2011). Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration (PDF) (Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. ISBN 978-0-9788563-7-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2013.
- ↑ Taliaferro, L.A.; Sieving, R.; Brady, S.S.; Bearinger, L.H. (2011). "We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health—do we have the will?". Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. 22 (3): xii, 521–43. PMID 22423463.
- ↑ Chin, H.B.; Sipe, T.A.; Elder, R.; Mercer, S.L.; Chattopadhyay, S.K.; Jacob, V.; Wethington, H.R.; Kirby, D.; Elliston, D.B. (2012). "The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 42 (3): 272–94. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006. PMID 22341164.
- ↑ Gizzo, S; Fanelli, T; Di Gangi, S; Saccardi, C; Patrelli, TS; Zambon, A; Omar, A; D'Antona, D; Nardelli, GB (October 2012). "Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications". Gynecological Endocrinology. 28 (10): 758–63. doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.662546. PMID 22390259.
- ↑ Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004. p. 13. ISBN 978-92-4-156284-3. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017.
- ↑ DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L (June 2002). "Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 324 (7351): 1426. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426. PMC 115855. PMID 12065267.
- ↑ Duffy, K.; Lynch, D.A.; Santinelli, J. (2008). "Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 84 (6): 746–48. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.188. PMID 18923389. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Black, A.Y.; Fleming, N.A.; Rome, E.S. (2012). "Pregnancy in adolescents". Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. 23 (1): xi, 123–38. PMID 22764559.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Rowan, S.P.; Someshwar, J.; Murray, P. (2012). "Contraception for primary care providers". Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. 23 (1): x–xi, 95–110. PMID 22764557.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2011). Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration (PDF) (Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. pp. 260–300. ISBN 978-0-9788563-7-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2013.
- ↑ Carr, B.; Gates, M.F.; Mitchell, A.; Shah, R. (2012). "Giving women the power to plan their families". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 80–82. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2. PMID 22784540. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cleland, J; Conde-Agudelo, A; Peterson, H; Ross, J; Tsui, A (July 14, 2012). "Contraception and health". Lancet. 380 (9837): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6. PMID 22784533.
- ↑ Ahmed, S.; Li, Q.; Liu, L.; Tsui, A.O. (2012). "Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 111–25. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4. PMID 22784531. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Canning, D.; Schultz, T.P. (2012). "The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 165–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7. PMID 22784535. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013.
- ↑ Van Braeckel, D.; Temmerman, M.; Roelens, K.; Degomme, O. (2012). "Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 84–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7. PMID 22784542. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
- ↑ Sulaiman Ibrahim, "Hanyoyin bada tazarar haihuwa na zamani da kuma yadda ake hana daukar ciki (Methods of contraception)", Lafiyata, March 01, 2023