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Due to historical associations and geographical location with the United States, Cubans participate in American popular sports. While the majority of Latin American nations embrace soccer as the national game and pastime, in Cuba things are different. The country is not known for its soccer programs internationally. Instead, baseball is the most popular team sport along with volleyball, wrestling, basketball, sailing, boxing, and trekking.[1]

History of sport in Cuba

Throughout history, sports have played a significant and unique role in societies.[2] Cuba is a prime example of the importance of sports in history.

In Cuba's republic era (pre-revolutionary), sports were used to inspire national pride. The media was tailored to increase national pride by reporting on athletes' victories in international competitions.[3] In addition to national pride, Cuban sports were developed as a "capitalist enterprise".[3] Cuba was influenced by American sports culture, causing it to focus mainly on developing professional sports so that they could be commercialized.[4]

During the Revolution, revolutionary officials used sports to communicate the changes they were making to Cuban society[4]. Sports served to show revolutionary officials' "natural Cubanness".[5] By doing so, they legitimized themselves in the eyes of Cuban citizens and indicated the changes to come to the government and social system.[5] Also, during the revolution, Cuban society redefined itself and its citizens through sports.[5] The strategic management of sports was crucial for revolutionary officials to achieve their goals for the new society.[2]

Modern era

Post Revolutionary Cuba prides itself on its success in sports. When Fidel Castro rose to power he reshaped Cuban values, norms and attitudes.[5] He expressed that sports should be "the right of the people, not the right of the wealthy."[6] He compared Pre-Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary Cuba by explaining how, before, only the wealthy could enjoy sports. He also explains that talent in sports comes from hard work, and a strong will. Therefore, professional sports were abolished, replacing them with "amateur leagues and tournaments".[3] This was achieved by eliminating segregated sports facilities and building new ones.[5] By nationalizing sports, the government gained control and directed all sports activity.[7] Cuba strayed from its American influence of promoting individualism in sports.[7] Instead, it opted to implement "collective, nationalistic values".[7]

In modern Cuban society, sports and physical education begin when a child is only 45 days old. The mothers are taught to exercise their children's limbs and massage their muscles to keep them healthy. Children are taught at a later age to play games that resemble physical exercise.[6]

In 1961, two years after the Revolution, the National Institute of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation (INDER) was created.[8] This is the governing branch of all sports and recreation in Cuba. INDER argued that professional sports exploited and disconnected athletes from the true spirit of sports.[9] Sports should be about motivating people to participate in them and develop morals.[9] Therefore, INDER developed all of the current sports and education programs in place today, including the EIDE, the program that finds naturally talented young adults and enrolls them into sports-oriented secondary schools.[10] All primary and secondary schools in Cuba teach sports and physical education as a compulsory subject. There are five sports taught in all standard secondary schools: track and field, basketball, baseball, gymnastics, and volleyball. The students who excel in a certain sport usually find themselves competing in the Cuban summer Junior Olympics, where the EIDE sees their talent and recruits them to a specialized school that caters to just their sport.[6]

More than 27 of these specialized schools are located on the Isle of Youth, a 2,200 square km island to the south of Cuba. Each school enrolls about 600 students. The majority of them are semi-boarding schools where the students board a boat to the island every Sunday evening at the beginning of the week and return every Friday evening at the end.[6] The schools are spread out across the island and have citrus groves in between them. All of the students are required to put in 3 hours of work a day picking or canning fruit.

Every school in Cuba participates in the Junior Olympic Program, which was established in 1963. The competition usually commences in July. Many of the standard secondary schools only compete in the sports for which they have teams. The games have a traditional ladder system where first, local schools compete, then the district winners will compete, and finally the regional winners will compete. For team sports, the winning teams will move on, and the best players from all of the losing teams form a new tethatich moves on with the winners; this ,way no single great player will be tossed out because of a bad team. As of 1978, the Cuban Junior Olympics involved 20 sports: chess, weightlifting, athletics, tennis, football, table tennis, basketball, gymnastics, modern gymnastics, swimming, synchronized swimming, diving, volleyball, water polo, cycling, fencing, judo, roller derby, roller hockey, pistol shooting, baseball, and wrestling.[6]

INDER has many programs, including the National Institute for Sports Medicine, the National Coaches program, and the National Physical Education Institute. All of these were developed during the relatively strong economic period of 1960–1990. The Special Period of the 1990s–2000s created many special challenges for INDER, including budget cutbacks and a limited amount of electricity, which led to blackouts in the early 1990s. As a result, many of the night sporting events were canceled to preserve electricity.[10]

Cuba's new sports program allows the best players to retire early and take up position on teams in other countries. These other countries hire them due to Cuba's success in training winning athletes. These players earn a large salary, with about 80% of it going directly to the Cuban government. The players then pocket the other 20%, an amount greater than the average earnings of a Cuban resident. However, this outflow of the best athletes and trainers began to take its toll when in 1997 Cuba ended its 10-year, 152-game, winning-streak at the baseball International Cup after losing to Japan 11 to 2.[11] After this, Cuba began to offer material incentives like houses and cars to good players to keep them from playing for other countries.[10] These offerings were not meant to keep completely talented Cubans from leaving the country, but instead to keep the system balanced. By 2007 there were 50 nations around the world employing several hundred Cuban sports trainers and coaches.[12]

Through these sports programs and collaborations, Cuba has been able to show its success by helping other countries. Assisting other countries gives Cuban citizens a sense of national pride and faith that their country is strong enough to support both themselves and others.[4] This is especially seen when the coaches and athletes are successful in another country as they are the product of the programs developed by the Cuban government.[4] In addition, through international competitions, people around the world can observe the difference between socialist and other government systems.[13] The hope is that through the success of sports, other countries will see the superior system of government that Cuba has in place.[13] This internationalism that Cuba has strived for embodies the spirit of the Cuban Revolution as it seeks solidarity not only within Cuba but outside of it.[14]

Sports in Cuba have symbolized many things, including national pride and success. In addition to symbolizing success in post-revolutionary Cuba, the government campaigned for mass participation in national sporting events, which became a symbol of "social cohesion and national pride".[3] Sports were used to "legitimize and promote its achievements" in revolutionary Cuba, such as social cohesion.[3] This can be seen in INDER, as one of the ways the government used it was as a career path for the athletes in the new national sports leagues to obtain prestigious roles in the government ministry.[7] By doing so, sports brought "nationalist values and non-monetary rewards together in support of the development of the country".[7] Through sports, Cuba has created a reward system that is not of monetary value but gives opportunities in the state for the players.[7] As a result, Cuba is able to both develop the country and encourage national solidarity.[7]

The athletes who participated in Cuban sports were also seen as a symbol.[9] After the revolution and abolishment of professional sports, athletes were no longer considered commodities.[15] Instead, they were seen as a part of the socialist effect on the development of human potential.[15] This is especially seen with baseball players in Cuba, as it is their official sport.[15] Baseball players have always been seen as a symbol of the revolution due to its link to "Cubanness".[15] Under the watchful eye of the country, every play or action done by baseball players on the field is seen as the player's commitment to the "socialist project".[15]

Currently, Cuba has had increasing issues with social and racial inequalities due to the diminishing quality of the social services provided by the government.[16] However, these social services, such as health care and education, are essential to maintaining social cohesion in Cuba.[16] Sports is another social service that citizens in Cuba can use as a path upward in society.[16] Sports are important for maintaining social unity in Cuba.[16]

Boxing

Main article: Boxing in Cuba

Aside from traditional cockfighting, other gambling sports, and baseball; boxing was one of the most popular sports in pre-Revolutionary Cuba.

Boxing is still very popular on the island today. In 1992, there were over 16,000 boxers on the island. Across Cuba today there are 494 boxing coaches and 185 facilities. Of the 99,000 athletes in Cuba currently, 19,000 are boxers, including 81 of Olympic competence, with only twelve making the Olympic team.[17]

Baseball

Further information: Baseball in Cuba

Baseball is the most popular sport in Cuba; 62% of the population plays it. Baseball is the official sport of Cuba. Baseball5, which was introduced in 2017 by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC), is inspired by the Cuban street baseball variant cuatro esquinas.[18]

Beach volleyball & volleyball

Cuba featured a women's national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 NORCECA Beach Volleyball Continental Cup.[19]

The most famous and known player is Melissa Vargas. She is currently playing for Turkey and will take place in Turkish National Volleyball team.

Football

Main article: Association football in Cuba

Athletics

There are a wide variety of popular sports in Cuba. For instance, baseball, which became highly popular starting in the 1870s, when Nemesio Guillot started the first baseball club in the country. Chess is an example of an international game that gathered tremendous amounts of popularity in Cuba. This surge in popularity is attributed to chess grandmaster José Raul Capablanca. It became a very important sport in Cuba, to the point where it is part of the elementary school curriculum.[20]

Further information: Cuban records in athletics and List of Cuban track and field athletes

Basketball

Further information: Category:Basketball in Cuba
A basketball court in rural Cuba

Basketball is one of the top sports in Cuba, yet it is not as popular as baseball and boxing. The Cuban national basketball team won the bronze medal in basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics after defeating Italy in their last match.

Cricket

Main article: Cuba national cricket team

Cricket is a relatively small sport in Cuba. Castro believed that young people on the island were becoming too Americanized and wanted Cuba to feel more affinity with the Caribbean. UK Sport, the body responsible for promoting and supporting sport across Britain, answered a request from Cuba's sports chiefs and provided money for a fact-finding mission which it hoped would lead to a four-year plan to develop Cuban cricket.[21] Cricket also has a minor presence in the country because of the diaspora from the cricket-playing islands of the Caribbean.[22]

Wrestling

Cuba had the strongest Greco-Roman wrestling team in the Western hemisphere and one of the strongest teams in the world. They claimed the team championship title numerous times at the Pan American Wrestling Championships, Pan American Games, Central American and Caribbean Games. The Cuban freestyle wrestling team in its achievements is second only to the United States national team in the Americas.

Stadiums in Cuba

Stadium Sport Capacity
Estadio Latinoamericano Baseball 55,000
Estadio Panamericano Athletics 34,000
Calixto García Íñiguez Stadium Baseball 30,000
Estadio Pedro Marrero Association football 30,000
Estadio Guillermón Moncada Baseball 25,000
Victoria de Girón Stadium Baseball 22,000
Estadio Augusto César Sandino Baseball 18,000
Cinco de Septiembre Stadium Baseball 15,600
Estadio Cándido González Baseball 14,000
Nguyen Van Troi Stadium Baseball 14,000
José Antonio Huelga Stadium Baseball 13,000
Estadio Universitario Juan Abrantes Association football 10,000
Mártires de Barbados Stadium Baseball 10,000

References

  1. ^ Sports in Cuba Archived 2016-08-09 at the Wayback Machine, CubaCuban.com. Retrieved 21 Sep 2016.
  2. ^ a b León-Reyes, Yenisey; Marqués-León, Maylín; Claudio-Pérez, Edmundo; Suárez-Sánchez, Yasniel; Gumende, Paulo Miguel (2023). "Strategic management potential for process alignment in Cuban sports government organizations". Dyna. 90 (227): 100–109. doi:10.15446/dyna.v90n227.108146 – via EBSCOhost.
  3. ^ a b c d e Rodriguez, Juan Carlos (Summer 2014). "Playing for the Nation, Fighting for the Revolution: Documentaries on Cuban Sports". Journal of Sports History. 41 (2): 225–231. doi:10.5406/jsporthistory.41.2.225. JSTOR 10.5406/jsporthistory.41.2.225.
  4. ^ a b c Huish, Robert; Carter, Thomas F.; Darnell, Simon C. (Spring 2013). "The (Soft) Power of Sport: The Comprehensive and Contradictory Strategies of Cuba's Sport-Based Internationalism". International Journal of Cuban Studies. 5 (1): 26–40. doi:10.13169/intejcubastud.5.1.0026. JSTOR 10.13169/intejcubastud.5.1.0026.
  5. ^ a b c d e Carter, Thomas F. (2014). "Game Changer: The Role of Sport in Revolution". International Journal of the History of Sport. 31 (7): 735–746. doi:10.1080/09523367.2014.901759 – via EBSCOhost.
  6. ^ a b c d e Pickering, R. J. (1978) "Cuba" in Sport Under Communism Ed. James Riordan. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 142–174. [ISBN missing]
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Huish, Robert (November 3, 2011). "Punching above its Weight: Cuba's use of sport for South-South co-operation". Third World Quarterly. 32 (3): 417–433. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.573938. JSTOR 41300318.
  8. ^ Wagner, Eric A. (1988) "Sport in Revolutionary Societies: Cuba and Nicaragua" in Sport and Society in Latin America. Ed. Joseph L. Arbena. Westport: Greenwood. pp. 113–136.[ISBN missing]
  9. ^ a b c Eastman, Benjamin (February 1, 2007). "Baseball in the Breach: Notes on Defection, Disaffection and Transition in Contemporary Cuba". International Journal of the History of Sport. 24 (2): 264–295. doi:10.1080/09523360601045989 – via EBSCOhost.
  10. ^ a b c Pettavino, Paula & Brenner, Philip (1999). "More Than Just a Game". Peace Review. 11 (4): 523–531. doi:10.1080/10402659908426302.
  11. ^ Price, S. L. (2000) Pitching Around Fidel, New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060934921[page needed]
  12. ^ Baxter, Kevin and Kraul, Chris (28 July 2007) "Cuba's Biggest Export is Sports" . Los Angeles Times
  13. ^ a b Baird, Katherine E. (May 2005). "Cuban Baseball Ideology, Politics, and Market Forces". Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 29 (2): 131–22. doi:10.1177/0193723504269882 – via Sage Journals.
  14. ^ Randall, Margaret (2017). "Exporting Revolution: Cuba's Global Solidarity". Canadian Journal of History. Interpreted by Gary Prevost: 270 – via EBSCOhost.
  15. ^ a b c d e Daley, Christopher James (2021). "Playing the State: Imagining Youth in Cuban Baseball". Duke University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses: 4–5. ProQuest 2583586991 – via ProQuest.
  16. ^ a b c d Hansing, Katrin; Hoffmann, Bert (2019). "Cuba's New Social Structure: Assessing the Re-Stratification of Cuban Society 60 Years after Revolution". German Institute of Global and Area Studies (315): 1–25.
  17. ^ Pettavino, Paula J. (2003) "Boxing" p. 536 in Encyclopedia of Cuba. Eds. Luis Martinez-Fernandez, D.H. Figueredo, Louis Perez, and Luis Gonzalez. Vol. 2. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. [ISBN missing]
  18. ^ "Proviene del cuatro esquinas, pero como tal es baseball5 (+ Video)". Cubadebate (in European Spanish). 2022-12-01. Archived from the original on 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  19. ^ "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa". FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  20. ^ Wall (billwall), Bill (12 December 2008). "Cuba and Chess". Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  21. ^ "Britain backs Cuba's cricket revolution". 3 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  22. ^ "Cricket fans fight to spread popularity of sport in baseball-crazy Cuba". Associated Press. 2015-03-24. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Cuba

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