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Lavo Kingdom
468–1388
Lavo Kingdom and mainland Southeast Asian polities, 700 CE
Map of mainland Southeast Asian polities c. 1000–1100 CE Cyan: Lavo Kingdom Red: Khmer Empire Green: Hariphunchai Kingdom Light green: Srivijaya Yellow: Champa Blue: Dai Viet Pink: Pagan Kingdom
Capital	Lopburi Ayutthaya
Common languages	Old Mon Old Malay Old Khmer Old Thai
Religion	Buddhism (Mahayana, Theravada)
Government	Mandala kingdom
Monarch
• 648–700 CE (first)	Kalawandith
• 1052–1069	Chadachota
• 1340–1369	Ramathibodi I
• 1369–1388 (last)	Ramesuan
Historical era	Post-classical era
• Establishment	468
• Chenla influence	6th century
• Siridhammana influence	927
• Angkor influence	1002
• Ayodhya as seat	1082
• Secession of Sukhothai	1239
• Formation of Ayutthaya	1351
• Annexed into Ayutthaya	1388
Preceded by Succeeded by Dvaravati Sukhothai Ayutthaya Khmer Empire Hariphunchai

The Lavo Kingdom (Thai: อาณาจักรละโว้) was a political entity (mandala) on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo civilization was Lavo.

Before the 9th century, Lavo, together with Si Thep and Sema [th], was the center of the mandala-style state, Dvaravati; however, due to the weather-induced migration, Si Thep and Sema lost its power, and Lavo became the only center of power in the area until it fell under Khmer hegemony during the 10th to 11th centuries.^[1]

The area of Dvaravati (what is now Thailand) was first inhabited by Mon people who had arrived and appeared centuries earlier. The foundations of Buddhism in central Southeast Asia were laid between the 6th and 9th centuries when a Theravada Buddhist culture linked to the Mon people developed in central and northeastern Thailand. The Mon Buddhist kingdoms that rose in what are now parts of Laos and Central Plain of Thailand were collectively called Dvaravati.^[2]: 27

According to the Northern Thai Chronicles, Lavo was founded by Phraya Kalavarnadishraj, who came from Takkasila in 468 CE.^[3][4] According to Thai records, Phraya Kakabatr from Takkasila (it is assumed that the city was Tak or Nakhon Chai Si)^{[5][6]: 29 [7]} set the new era, Chula Sakarat in 638 CE, which was the era used by the Siamese and the Burmese until the 19th century. His son, Phraya Kalavarnadishraj founded the city a decade later.

The only native language found during early Lavo times is the Mon language. However, there is debate whether Mon was the sole ethnicity of Lavo. Some historians point out that Lavo was composed of mixed Mon and Lawa people (a Palaungic-speaking people),^[8][9] with the Mons forming the ruling class. It is also hypothesized that the migration of Tai peoples into Chao Phraya valley occurred during the time of the Lavo kingdom.

Theravada Buddhism remained a major belief in Lavo although Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism from the Khmer Empire wielded considerable influence.^[10] Around the late 7th century, Lavo expanded to the north. In the Northern Thai Chronicles, including the Cāmadevivaṃsa, Camadevi, the first ruler of the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai, was said to be a daughter of a Lavo king.

Few records are found concerning the nature of the Lavo kingdom. Most of what we know about Lavo is from archaeological evidence. Tang dynasty chronicles records that the Lavo kingdom sent tributes to Tang as Tou-ho-lo. In his diary, the monk Xuanzang referred to Dvaravati-Lavo as Tou-lo-po-ti, which seems to echo the name Dvaravati, as a state between Chenla and the Pagan Kingdom. By the Song dynasty, Lavo was known as Luówō (Chinese: 羅渦).^[11]

Evidence from stone inscriptions found in ancient Mon script in Northern and Central Thailand confirms that the main population of Lavo and Haripuñjaya mandalas is likely to be the same ethnic group, the "Mon people," or any ethnic group that uses the Austroasiatic languages. Due to the royal blood relations, these two states maintained a good relationship for the first 300 years.^[12]

In the early 10th century, several battles between these two mandalas that happened from 925 to 927 were recorded.^[12] According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka (Thai: อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ) of Haripuñjaya moved south aiming to seize the Lavo Kingdom. Lavo king, King Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), then moved northward to defend. However, the war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Siridhammana (Nakhon Si Thammarat of Srivijaya), the king of Siridhammana, Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took the advantage to occupy Lavo.^[13] Due to losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to occupy Haripuñjaya, but King Rathasatkara eventually lost the city to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day in Sankhaburi district).^[12] The battle was also mentioned in several chronicles such as the Jinakalamali and Cāmadevivaṃsa.^[13]

After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapura (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort. No evidence mentions that he either resided in Lavo or went back to rule Siridhammana. Three years later, King Kampoch attacked Haripuñjaya but lost.^[14] He then attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles between Haripuñjaya and Lavo happened since then. Kampoch was married to a Khmer princess who had fled an Angkorian dynastic bloodbath.^[14]

Later in 960, Lavapura was annexed by Siamese from Ayodhya,^[15] who also shared a political relation with Tambralinga kingdom in the south under the Srivijaya Empire.^[11] Kampoch possibly fled to Angkor, then back to sack Lavapura in 1002, and eventually merged Lavo into the Angkorian Empire in 1022 after claiming the Angkor and enthroned as Suryavarman I.^[13]

Modern Thai historians think the Tai peoples originated in northern Vietnam and Guangxi province in China.^[16] The origin of the Tai peoples were living in northern Southeast Asia by the 8th century.^[17] Five linguistic groups emerged: the northern Tai in China (ancestors of Zhuang); the upland Tai people in northern Vietnam (ancestors of the Black, White and Red Tai); the Tais in northeastern Laos and bordering Vietnam (ancestors of the Tai of Siang Khwang and the Siamese in Ayutthaya); the Tai in northern Laos; and the Tai west of Luang Prabang, northern Thailand and in the adjoining parts of Laos, Yunnan and Burma.^[2]: 26

In 861, Tai Yuan from Lan Na began to settle in the lower Menam Valley, increased in influence in Lavo,^[18]: 39 and began to resist the Angkorian control in the mid-11th century.^[2]: 28 Lavo was said to be seized by Siamese from the western Menam Valley in the early 11th century^[19] and by Tai's king Prom of Yonok in 1106, according to the local chronicles.^[20] Sending tribute to China in 1115 during the reign of Sri Thammasokkarat signified that Lavo was an independent polity at that time.^[18]: 39

Isanavarman I of the Chenla Kingdom expanded Khmer influence to the Chao Phraya valley during the Mon dominance through his campaigns around the 7th century but did not exercise political control over the region.^[21] In the 10th century, Dvaravati civilization in the Chao Phraya Basin were mastered by the Angkor.^[22]: 37

In 1002, Kampoch (later known as Suryavarman I), former Lavo's king who was born to a Khmer princess and Tambralinga prince, claimed the Khmer Empire throne and usurped Khmer's King, Udayadityavarman I, defeating his armies that year. After a protracted war with Udayadityavarman's would-be successor, Jayavirahvarman, Suryavarman I failed in the first attempt. He then marched back to Lavo and attacked the Ankor again four years later. He won and claimed the Khmer throne in 1010.^[23] Due to long nine-year wars to claim the Khmer throne, the Lavapura lost its prosperity and was almost abandoned.^[24] The Khmer general Sri Lakshmi Pativarman was assigned the new Lavo ruler to revive the city in 1006 and Lavo was eventually merged into Khmer Empire in around 1022,^[13] which caused former Dvaravati cities on the east Chao Phraya plain fell under Khmer hegemony, while the western cities were spared from the control and formed Suphannaphum Kingdom.^[25]

Due to the diplomatic relations between the Khmer Empire and Chola dynasty, established in 1012 during the reign of Suryavarman I, the Srivijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom lost the wars against those two dynasties and consequently lost control over the lower Chao Phraya River basin in present-day Central Thailand, which led to the emerging of the Siamese's Suvarnabhumi kingdom and the independence declaration of Tambralinga.^{[26]: 134–136 [27][28][29]}

Around the 10th century, the city-states in central Thailand merged into two mandalas – Lavo (modern Lopburi) and Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri).^[25] Khmer lost power over Lavo around the 12th century after the former Lavo capital, Lopburi, was seized by Singhanavati's king, Phrom in 1106,^[20] as well as the independence declaration of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238.^[30]

The Angkor began to exercise political power in Lavo again in 1117 during the reign of Suryavarman II, which caused the Tai' king Sri Thammasokkarat to evacuate to Tambralinga; this led to the formation of Tambralinga's Padmavamsa clan (ปัทมวงศ์).^[18]: 39 Narupatidnavarman (นฤปตีนทรวรมัน), who was believed to be later crowned as Angkor's Indravarman II, was then appointed the Lavo ruler.^[31] Lavo later escaped from the Angkorian control in 1152, two years after the end of the Angkor's Suryavarman II reign,^[18]: 39 in which a period of weak rule and feuding began in the Angkor.^[32]: 120

The formidable political control exercised by the Angkor Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern Bangkok, the lower central plain and the upper Ping River in the Lamphun-Chiang Mai region.^[2]: 28

The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Tai groups were probably assimilated into Khmer population. Historical records show that they maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although their animist religion partially gave way to Buddhism. Tai historical documents note that the period of the Angkor Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as Lavo or Lopburi (in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control.^[2]: 28

In the 11th century, Lavo was governed by a Cambodian prince, as a part of vassal state of the Khmer Empire of Angkor, However, Lavo wanted liberation and sought acknowledgement from China (Song dynasty) in 1001 and 1155 as an independent state. Lavo's large Tai population and its roots in the Dvaravati did not assimilate well with the Khmer civilisation, and in Khmer writings Lopburi was considered a province of Angkor that had a Syamese (Siamese) identity.^[2]: 29

The Khmer influences on Lavo began to wane as a result of the growing influence of the emerging Burmese kingdom of Pagan. In 1087, Kyansittha of Pagan invaded Lavo, but King Narai of Lavo was able to repel the Burmese invasion and Lavo, emerging relatively stronger from the encounter, was thus spared from either Khmer or Burmese hegemony. King Narai moved the capital to Ayodhya,^[33] and Lavo was then able to exert pressure on Suvarnabhumi to the west and slowly to take its cities.^[34]

Yet another wave of Khmer invasions arrived under Jayavarman VII. This time, Lavo was assimilated into the religious cosmos of the Khmer Empire – Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism. Khmer influence was great on Lavo arts and architecture as seen in the Prang Sam Yot.^{[35]: 170 [31]}

In 1239, the Tai governor of Sukhothai rebelled and declared independence from Lavo – giving birth to the Sukhothai Kingdom. Lavo is called “Khom” In Northern Thai chronicles, and the Lavo kingdom shrank swiftly during the 13th century due to the expansion of Sukhothai under King Ram Khamhaeng the Great, retreating to its heartland around Lavo and Ayodhya.^{[citation needed]}

The Kingdom of Lavo, Lo-hu, joined Ny Wang in sending embassy to China in 1289^[36]: 144 then only from Lavo in 1299.^{[26]: 221–222} in 1349 Xiān people of Sukhothai become united with the people of Lo-hu, the new kingdom named Xiānluó (暹羅) by the Chinese.^[37]: 102 However, Xiān might refer to the Suphannaphum Kingdom of Suphanburi Province.^[38]

In 1350, Uthong, who had been a post-Angkorian ruler of one of the cities in Lower Chao Phraya Valley and Borommarachathirat I of Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri) co-founded an Ayutthaya city, an island on intersection of three rivers; Chao Phraya River, Lopburi River and Pa Sak River, and Uthong became the king of the city. But Borommarachathirat I took Ayutthaya from Uthong's son Ramesuan in 1370, and then Ramesuan retreated back to Lavo. In 1388, Ramesuan took revenge by taking Ayutthaya back from Borommarachathirat I's son, Thong Lan. Borommarachathirat I's nephew Intharachathirat took Ayutthaya back for Suphannaphum dynasty in 1408. Uthong dynasty was then purged and became a mere noble family of Ayutthaya until the 16th century.

There are many theories about Uthong's origin. According to HRH Prince Chula Chakrabongse, he was thought to have been a descendant of Mangrai.^[39]: 28 Van Vliet's chronicles, a seventeenth-century work, stated that King Uthong was a Chinese merchant who established himself at Phetchaburi before moving to Ayutthaya. Tamnan Mulla Satsana, a sixteenth-century Lanna literature, stated that King Uthong was from Lavo Kingdom.

After the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century, Lavo was incorporated into a major stronghold of Ayutthaya Kingdom. It became the capital of the kingdom during the reign of King Narai in the mid-17th century, and the king resided there about eight months a year.

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• History of Lopburi