Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

Ruwa
oxide (en) da dihydrogen chalcogenide (en)
Kayan haɗi	iskar shaƙa da H (mul)
Said to be the same as (en)	water (en)

Wani tafki (/ˈrɛzervwɑːr/; daga [ʁezɛʁvwaʁ]) tafki ne mai girma a bayan madatsar ruwa, yawanci ana gina shi don adana Ruwa mai kyau, sau da yawa ninka sau biyu don samar da wutar lantarki.

Ana kirkirar tankuna ta hanyar sarrafa hanyar ruwa wanda ke zubar da ruwa, katse hanyar ruwa don samar da embayment a ciki, tonowa, ko gina kowane adadin ganuwar rikewa ko digues don rufe kowane yanki don adana ruwa.^[1]

Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar ta hanyar fasaha don komawa ga wasu nau'ikan ajiyar ruwa, irin su "tashin sanyaya" wanda ke kama yawan sanyaya a cikin tsarin sanyaya na mota.^[2]

Nau'o'in ruwa akwai nau'o'i kala-kala na ruwa ga wasu kamar haka:

Rashin ruwa shine Tafkuna na wucin gadi da aka kirkira kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar madatsar ruwa da aka gina a fadin kwarin kuma suna dogaro da yanayin halitta don samar da mafi yawan tafkin. Wadannan tafkuna na iya zama tafkuna a kan ruwa, wadanda ke kan asalin koginkogin kasa kuma suna cike da koguna, koguna ko Ruwan sama wanda ke gudana daga wuraren da ke kewaye da gandun daji, ko tafkunan da ke waje, wadanda ke karbar ruwa mai karkatarwa daga rafi mai kusa ko hanyar ruwa ko ruwa mai bututu ruwa daga wasu tafkunan ruwa.

Dams yawanci suna cikin wani karamin bangare na wani kwandon ruwa na halitta. Yankunan kwarin suna aiki a matsayin ganuwar halitta, tare da madatsar ruwan da ke cikin mafi kankanta don samar da karfi da mafi karancin farashin gini. A cikin ayyukan gine-ginen tafki da yawa, dole ne a motsa mutane kuma a sake su, kayan tarihi na tarihi sun motsa ko kuma a sake komawa wurare masu ban mamaki. Misalan sun hada da haikalin Abu Simbel ^[3] (wanda aka motsa kafin gina madatsar ruwan Aswan don kirkirar Tafkin Nasser daga Kogin Nilu a Misira), sake komawa kauyen Capel Celyn yayin gina Llyn Celyn, da kuma sake komawa Borgo San Pietro na Petrella Salto yayin gina Tafkin Salto.  ^{[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]}

Gina tafkin da aka yi da madatsar ruwa yawanci zai bukaci a karkatar da kogi a lokacin wani bangare na ginin, sau da yawa ta hanyar rami na wucin gadi ko tashar wucewa.

A yankunan tsaunuka, ana gina tafkuna ta hanyar fadada tabkuna da ke akwai. Wani lokaci a cikin irin wadannan tafkuna, sabon matakin ruwa na sama ya wuce tsawo na ruwa a kan daya ko fiye daga cikin koguna masu ciyarwa kamar a Llyn Clywedog a Mid Wales.^[4] A irin wadannan lokuta ana bukatar ƙarin madatsar ruwa na gefe don kunshe da tafkin.

Inda yanayin kasa bai dace da samar da babban tafki daya ba, ana iya gina kananan tafkuna a cikin sarkar, kamar a kwarin Kogin Taff inda Llwyn-on, Cantref da Beacons Reservoirs suka samar da sarkar a cikin kwarin.^[5]

Rashin ruwa na bakin teku sune wuraren ajiyar ruwa mai laushi da ke bakin tekun kusa da bakin kogin don adana ruwan ambaliyar kogi.^[6] Kamar yadda gine-ginen tafkin da ke kasa ke cike da ruwa mai yawa, ana fi son tafkunan bakin teku a tattalin arziki da fasaha tunda ba sa amfani da yankin kasa mai karancin ƙasa.^[7] An gina tafkuna da yawa a bakin teku a Asiya da Turai. Saemanguem a Koriya ta Kudu, Marina Barrage a Singapore, Qingcaosha a China, da Plover Cove a Hong Kong wasu irin waɗannan tafkunan bakin teku ne.^[8]

Inda ake zuba ruwa ko kuma a yi amfani da shi daga kogi mai inganci ko girman, ana iya gina tafkunan gefen banki don adana ruwa. Irin wadannan tafkunan galibi ana kafa su ne ta hanyar tonowa kuma ta hanyar gina cikakken kewaye ko bakin teku, wanda zai iya wucewa kilomita 6 (4 miles) a kewayon.^[9]  Dukkanin bene na tafkin da bund dole ne su sami lining ko core mai hana ruwa: da farko wadannan galibi ana yin su ne da yumbu, amma wannan an maye gurbinsa da amfani da yumbun da aka mirgine a zamani. Ruwan da aka adana a cikin irin wadannan tafkuna na iya zama a can na watanni da yawa, a wannan lokacin da tsarin halittu na yau da kullun zai iya rage gurbataccen abubuwa da yawa kuma ya rage turbidity. Amfani da tafkunan gefen banki kuma yana ba da damar dakatar da ruwa na dan lokaci, alal misali lokacin da kogin ya gurɓata ba tare da yarda ba ko kuma lokacin da yanayin kwarara ya yi kasa sosai saboda fari. Tsarin samar da ruwa na London yana nuna misali daya na amfani da ajiyar gefen banki: a nan ana daukar ruwa daga Kogin Thames da Kogin Lee zuwa manyan tafkunan gefen Thames, kamar Sarauniya Mary Reservoir wanda za'a iya gani tare da kusanci zuwa Filin jirgin saman London Heathrow . ^[9]

Rashin tankuna na sabis suna adana ruwan sha mai tsabta sosai kusa da ma'anar rarrabawa.^[10] Ana gina tafkunan sabis da yawa a matsayin hasumiyoyin ruwa, sau da yawa a cikin gine-gine masu tsawo a kan ginshikan kankare inda shimfidar wuri ya kasance mai laushi. Sauran tafkunan sabis na iya zama tafkunan ajiya, Tankunan ruwa ko wani lokacin gaba daya tafkunan karkashin kasa, musamman a cikin kasa mai tuddai ko tsaunuka. Masu ajiyar zamani galibi suna amfani da liners na geomembrane a kan tushe don iyakance ruwa da / ko a matsayin murfin ruwa don iyakancewa, musamman a yanayin busasshiyar yanayi. A cikin Kasar Ingila, Thames Water yana da tafkuna da yawa na karkashin kasa da aka gina a cikin 1800s, mafi yawansu an hada su da tubali. Misali mai kyau shine Honor Oak Reservoir a London, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1901 da 1909. Lokacin da aka kammala shi an ce shi ne mafi girman tubali da aka gina a karkashin kasa a duniya kuma har yanzu yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Turai. ^[11][12] Wannan tafkin yanzu ya zama wani bangare na tsawo na kudancin Thames Water Ring Main. A saman tafkin an shuka shi kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ta Aquarius Golf Club.^[13]

Rashin tankuna na sabis suna yin ayyuka da yawa, kai da tabbatar da isasshen shugaban ruwa a cikin Tsarin rarraba ruwa da samar da damar ruwa don daidaita bukatun bukatu daga masu amfani, yana ba da damar masana'antar magani ta gudana a mafi kyawun inganci. Hakanan za'a iya sarrafa manyan tafkunan sabis don rage farashin famfo ta hanyar sake cika tafkin a lokutan rana lokacin da farashin makamashi ya ragu.

Rashin ban ruwa shine tafkin ruwa don amfani da aikin gona. Ana cika su ta amfani da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a karkashin kasa ko ruwa. Ana amfani da wadannan tafkuna a lokacin rani.^[14]

This type of infrastructure has sparked an opposition movement in France, with numerous disputes and, for some projects, protests, especially in the former Poitou-Charentes region where violent demonstrations took place in 2022 and 2023.^{[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]} In Spain, there is greater acceptance because all beneficiary users are involved in the implementation of the system.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Takamaiman muhawara game da tafkunan maye gurbin wani bangare ne na tattaunawa mai zurfi da ke da alaka da tafkunen da aka yi amfani da su don ban ruwa, ba tare da la'akari da irin su ba, da kuma wani samfurin aikin gona mai zurfi. Masu adawa suna kallon wadannan tafkuna a matsayin mallakar albarkatun da ke amfana da kadan, wanda ke wakiltar tsohuwar samfurin aikin gona. Suna jayayya cewa wadannan tafkunan suna haifar da asarar yawan ruwa da ingancin ruwa da ake bukata don kiyaye ma'aunin muhalli kuma suna haifar da hadarin karuwar tsanani da tsawon lokacin fari saboda canjin yanayi. A takaice, suna la'akari da shi rashin daidaitawa da canjin yanayi.  ^{[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]}

Masu goyon bayan tafkuna ko wuraren ajiya, a gefe guda, suna ganin su a matsayin mafita ga aikin gona mai dorewa yayin jiran tsarin aikin gona mai dorewa. Ba tare da irin wannan ajiya ba, suna tsoron cewa ba za a iya guje wa ban ruwa da ba za a yi amfani da shi ba. Sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a hada wadannan tafkunan da aikin yanki wanda ke hada dukkan masu ruwa da tsaki tare da burin adanawa da inganta yanayin yanayi.

1. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2012/08/120824_nigeria_flooding
2. ↑ "Coolant Reservoir". Canadian Tire.
3. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
4. ↑ "Llanidloes Mid Wales – Llyn Clywedog". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
5. ↑ "Reservoirs". Fforest Fawr Geopark. 2011.
6. ↑ "International Association for Coastal Reservoir Research". Retrieved 9 July 2018.
7. ↑ "Assessment of social and environmental impacts of coastal reservoirs (page 19)". Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
8. ↑ "Coastal reservoirs strategy for water resource development-a review of future trend". Retrieved 9 March 2018.
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} Bryn Philpott-Yinka Oyeyemi-John Sawyer (2009). "ICE Virtual Library: Queen Mary and King George V emergency draw down schemes". Dams and Reservoirs. 19 (2): 79–84. doi:10.1680/dare.2009.19.2.79.
10. ↑ "Open Learning – OpenLearn – Open University". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
11. ↑ "Honor Oak Reservoir" (PDF). London Borough of Lewisham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
12. ↑ "Honor Oak Reservoir". Mott MacDonald. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
13. ↑ "Aquarius Golf Club". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
14. ↑ Sahoo, Debabrata; Nayeb Yazdi, Mohammad; Owen, Jr., James S.; White, Sarah A. (October 13, 2021). "The Basics of Irrigation Reservoirs for Agriculture". Land-Grant Press (in Turanci). Clemson University, South Carolina. Retrieved 2023-07-27.