Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature
Contents
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hampshire_and_Hamden_Counties.jpg/220px-Hampshire_and_Hamden_Counties.jpg)
Tofu Curtain is a nickname for a cultural or socioeconomic divide between two geographic regions and the people who reside in them, with the concept of tofu symbolizing certain lifestyles and political leanings. The term was coined in Massachusetts to identify trends on either side of a county line in the Pioneer Valley along the Connecticut River, and has also been widely used similarly with regards to gentrifying neighborhoods in Melbourne, Australia.[1] While the Tofu Curtain most often refers to these specific regions of Victoria and Western Massachusetts, other tofu curtains have been named along similar socioeconomic, educational, ideological, political and/or ethno-racial divides in various locations around the globe.[2]
The term derives from the political and ideological Iron Curtain that separated communist Eastern Bloc countries from Western Europe during the Cold War. The insertion of "tofu" into the phrase asserts that a high proportion of vegetarians reside on one side of the divide, and associates left wing politics with vegetarianism.
Locations
Western Massachusetts
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bare_Mountain_-_Mount_Holyoke_Range.jpg/220px-Bare_Mountain_-_Mount_Holyoke_Range.jpg)
The line of the Tofu Curtain in Western Massachusetts runs roughly east–west along the Holyoke Range.[3][4] To the north is wealthier Hampshire County, home to the Five College Consortium of Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke and Smith Colleges, and the University of Massachusetts.[5] To the south is Hampden County, comprising the mostly working class cities of Holyoke and Springfield, and their surrounding towns.[6] While this southern part of the Massachusetts' Pioneer Valley is the second largest metropolitan region in the state, areas of it are economically depressed, with a deficit of available jobs and significantly lower household incomes.[7] Meanwhile, the more rural and collegiate areas to the north are home to a preponderance of worker cooperatives and small businesses that often manufacture and sell natural products (such as tofu) to a more affluent population.[8][9] The term was applied to this region of Massachusetts as early as 2006.[10]
While the Tofu Curtain's distinction is based on U.S. Census data and the repute of the two counties on either side of the Holyoke Range, their demographics are not absolute. Hampshire County being framed as "more collegiate" than Hampden either ignores the presence of the nine additional colleges and universities in the Springfield metropolitan area's Knowledge Corridor,[11] or regards these educational institutions as inferior to those of the Five College Consortium.[12] In addition to being populated by some more affluent residents and college students, economic disparities exist within Northampton, resulting in neighborhood rifts on that side of the Tofu Curtain. Despite the presence of a wealthy college and huge university, an estimated 30-40% of students in the Amherst-Pelham school district qualified for free or reduced lunches in 2017 due to living in low-income households.[13]
Likewise, Hampden County's large working-class and Puerto Rican populations have been active in community organizing and progressive politics, activities often associated with the culture of the college towns to the north.[14] The assertion that there is a Tofu Curtain has also been a rallying point for people living and working on both sides of the county line to create equitable systems of food sovereignty, workplace democracy, and environmental justice as means to destratify the region economically while uniting it politically.[8][15][16] In a 2022 interview with WRSI radio, Emily Brewster of Merriam-Webster called the Tofu Curtain "an imagined line" that can be "problematic" and "over-simplifying" in its attempts to define a region and its people.[10]
Elsewhere in the United States
People use the term "tofu curtain" to describe a similar sociopolitical phenomenon outside of Western Massachusetts. Those residing in other politically or ecologically progressive regions of New England, such as Cambridge, Massachusetts, or the entire state of Vermont, are sometimes said to be living "behind the Tofu Curtain." Likewise, the term is used pejoratively by those opposed to a liberal political agenda; for example, posts referring to California as being "behind the tofu curtain" proliferate in online forums that support expanding freedoms for civilian gun use.[17][18][unreliable source] The term "tofu curtain" can also be used to describe an ideological situation, as opposed to a specific geographic area. In a 2003 essay, Paul Gilroy described a political speak-out on a university campus and used the term "tofu curtain" as a metaphor for petty factionalizations among different strains of student activism:
As peace rallies proliferate, the campus left will have to tear down the tofu curtain and dig itself out from underneath the wreckage of identity politics so narcissistic and short-sighted that it reproduces the political solipsism and imperialistic indifference that are usually associated with power and privilege.[19]
Similarly, the Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan has used the term "tofu curtain" to refer to a dietary split between vegetarians and meat-eaters among its members. At one point an agreement among the co-ops made the split geographical, marked by a particular corner in Ann Arbor with all co-op houses on one side having "veggie" and on the other side "carnie" kitchens. The Ann Arbor co-ops were using the term as early as 1984.[20]
Australia
In Australia's 2016 federal election, voters south of Bell Street in Melbourne's northern suburb of Brunswick voted overwhelmingly for the Green Party and those to the north went for the Labor Party. While the neighborhoods that voted Labor still lean left politically, they tend to be more working class, and the gentrified neighborhoods of Brunswick and North Melbourne went Green. The split helped nickname Bell Street as Melbourne's own Tofu Curtain. In 2018 Australia's fossil fuel industry took advantage of the nickname by volleying the term pejoratively in attempts to divide Green Party and Labor activists from organizing together against expansion of coal mining and gas drilling.[21][22] Other nicknames for Bell Street and the sociopolitical split it represents have proliferated in Melbourne, including "The Corduroy Line," "The Latte Line," "The Great Wall of Quinoa," and "The Hipster-Proof Fence", evoking Australia's famed "rabbit-proof fence" of the early 20th century.[23][24][25][26][27]
Asia
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tufo_and_potatoes_grilled.jpg/220px-Tufo_and_potatoes_grilled.jpg)
Because tofu originated in China, Japan, Korea, and other regions of East Asia, the term "tofu curtain" has also described differences between Eastern and Western culture.[28] A 2007 study conducted by the United Nations's Food and Agriculture Organization showed that in one year China consumed nearly 100 times more soybeans per person than the United States, while the Japan-to-U.S. per capita rate of soybean consumption was more than 200-to-1.[29] That same year, the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database revealed that South Korea's soy consumption rate fell about midway between Japan's and China's.[29] 2013 data showed these proportions to be about the same, with Taiwan consuming the highest amount of soy foods per capita, at a rate 15% higher than that of Japan's.[30] Unlike in the United States and Australia, tofu in East Asia is a dietary staple and is not associated with particular political parties, movements, or factions.[31]
In other media
In September 2016 Western Massachusetts residents launched TofuCurtain.com, a site for "Satire and Commentary in the Pioneer Valley." Among the site's earliest stories were "Recent Graduate Will Shave, Cut Hair After Finding Job," "WikiLeaks Release Reveals Town of Hadley Extremely Boring," "Hampshire College Replaces American Flag with 'For Sale' Sign," and "New Privilege Checkpoint at Coolidge Bridge raises Traffic Concerns." By the end of 2018, the website no longer existed.[32]
References
- ^ Toensmeier, Eric; Bates, Jonathan (2013). Paradise Lot: Two Plant Geeks, One-Tenth of an Acre, and the Making of an Edible Garden Oasis in the City. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 9781603583992.
- ^ Dávila, Arlene; Rivero, Yeidy M. (2014). Contemporary Latina/o Media: Production, Circulation, Politics. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9781479848119.
- ^ Breitbart, Myrna Margulies (2016). Creative Economies in Post-Industrial Cities: Manufacturing a (Different) Scene. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781317158325.
- ^ Matthews, Luke (May 21, 2013). "Parting the Tofu Curtain" (Radio). WHMP. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ Peters, Bill (October 8, 2009). "The latest 'worst of' list to involve Springfield". masslive.com. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ Nathan, Marty (March 25, 2014). "A bus commuter hopes for change". Daily Hampshire Gazette. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ Meraji, Shereen Marisol (March 1, 2017). "In Search of Puerto Rican Identity in Small-Town America" (Radio). NPR. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ a b Cassano, Jay (April 18, 2014). "A Worker Cooperative That Proves Alternative Economic Systems Aren't Only For The Privileged". Co.Exist. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ "Five Things to Love About Hadley". Valley Advocate. September 19, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
- ^ a b Belmonte, Monte (March 9, 2022). "The Etymology of The Tofu Curtain: WORD NERD". 93.9 & 101.5 The River. WRSI. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ^ Siefer, Ted (October 7, 2016). "A Springfield revival? – CommonWealth Magazine". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
- ^ "Impacts". Five College Consortium. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
- ^ Lederman, Diane (June 15, 2017). "Amherst schools nix 'punitive' lunches for students with unpaid bills". MassLive. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
- ^ Szafranski, Matt (February 12, 2017). "Progressive Moves To the Left and a Bit to the West... – Western Mass Politics & Insight". Western Mass Politics & Insight. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ Drane, Amanda (November 30, 2015). "What Are You Going to Do About It? Monte's March and people fighting for food access". Valley Advocate. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ O’Rourke, Dineen (June 5, 2016). "Climate Justice a Spotlight on Springfield TV". Climate Action Now Western Massachusetts. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
- ^ Goldstein, Yitzhak (July 22, 2019). "Henny Penny Builds A "Safe" Gun | The Zelman Partisans". The Zelman Partisans. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
Imagine the immense loss in entertainment value not reading lunatic emails penned behind the Tofu Curtain by Bela's neo-Bolshevik scribes out in California.
- ^ "M&P 2.0 vs P10c range test". SIG Forum. SIG Pistols. July 21, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
I am living behind the tofu curtain of California and as such, fall victim to its gun laws.
- ^ Moore, Donald S.; Kosek, Jake; Pandian, Anand; Gilroy, Paul (2003). "1. After the Great White Error". Race, Nature, and the Politics of Difference. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822330912.
- ^ Campeau, Lisa (2010–2011). "Remembering the Tofu Curtain" (PDF). The Alumni Cooperator. Inter-Cooperative Council. p. 19. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
- ^ Smith, Chris. "Greenies behind 'tofu curtain' blamed for suffocating mining industry". 2GB 873AM. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ "'Lying' greenies accused of killing Queensland mining industry". Courier Mail. June 14, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ Johnston, Chris (July 7, 2016). "Bell tolls for Greens beyond hipster proof fence". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ Gordon, Josh (August 3, 2016). "Greens struggling to cross Melbourne's hipster-proof fence". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ^ Donelly, Beau (July 8, 2016). "The Greens march across Melbourne". The Age. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ^ Potter, Ben (February 2, 2018). "South of Tofu Curtain, Shorten has to take a stand on the Adani mine". Financial Review. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ Hutchinson, Samantha (March 17, 2018). "Greens confident of Batman win, rubbishing talk of 'Tofu Curtain'". www.theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ Krummert, Bob (May 2004). "Lifting The Tofu Curtain". Restaurant Hospitality. 88 (5): 22.[dead link]
- ^ a b "Soybean consumption | Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd". Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
- ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. The United Nations. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
- ^ Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2013). History of Tofu and Tofu Products (965 CE to 2013). Lafayette, CA: Soyinfo Center. ISBN 9781928914556.
- ^ "Tofu Curtain". Tofu Curtain. Retrieved March 2, 2017.