Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

Prime Minister of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Prime Minister of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
رئيس وزراء المملكة العربية السعودية
	Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia
Incumbent
	Mohammed bin Salman; since 27 September 2022
Details
Style	Royal Highness
Formation	23 September 1932
Residence	Al-Yamamah Palace; (Riyadh); Al-Salam Palace ; (Jeddah)

The Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: رئيس مجلس الوزراء, romanized: raʾīs majlis al-wuzaraʾ) is the chairman of the Council of Ministers and head of government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Prime Minister is always either the King of Saudi Arabia or Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia. Prince Mohammed bin Salman has been Prime Minister since 27 September 2022.^[1]

History

The office was created along with the Council of Ministers on 9 October 1953, by decree of King Saud. Due to unrest within the royal family over his rule, Saud was forced to appoint his half-brother, Crown Prince Faisal, as prime minister. An ongoing power struggle between the two led to Faisal's resignation in 1960, allowing Saud to reclaim the reins of government, but continued discontent saw Faisal return as prime minister in 1962. After the deposition of Saud in 1964, Faisal succeeded him as king, while remaining prime minister. From that point until the appointment of Mohammed bin Salman as prime minister by King Salman, the two offices were merged.^[2] Since the reign of King Khalid, others have done much of the "heavy lifting" as the king was either unwilling or unable to carry the workload, especially as the kingdom became a gerontocracy during the 1990s and 2000s. Royal favorites achieved power to become de facto prime ministers. The current one is the King's son Mohammad, who is his father's top aide.

List of Prime Ministers of Saudi Arabia

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Time in office			Notes
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Years in office	Notes
1		Saud (1902 – 1969) King 1953 – 1964	9 October 1953	16 August 1954^[3]	1	King Saud created the post of Prime Minister for himself, and appointed Crown Prince Faisal Prime Minister in 1954. The two would engage in a power struggle which would ultimately lead to Saud's abdication of the throne and exile.
2		Faisal (1906 – 1975)	16 August 1954	21 December 1960	6	First Crown Prince to serve as Prime Minister .
1		Saud (1902 – 1969) King 1953 – 1964	21 December 1960	31 October 1962	2	Second tenure. King Saud lost a power struggle to Crown Prince Faisal and was forced to abdicate in 1964.
2		Faisal (1906 – 1975) King 1964 – 1975	31 October 1962	25 March 1975	13	Second tenure. Crown Prince Faisal became King on 2 November 1964 and was assassinated on 25 March 1975.
3		Fahd (1920, 1921 or 1923 – 2005) King 1982 – 2005	25 March 1975	21 February 1996	21	Crown Prince Fahd became de facto Prime Minister during Khalid's reign (1975–1982) and through his own until suffering a stroke in 1996. Second Prime Minister who was not the King at the time of his appointment.
4		Abdullah (1924 – 2015) King 2005 – 2015	21 February 1996	23 January 2015	19	Crown Prince Abdullah served as de facto Prime Minister after Fahd's stroke in 1996, de jure from 9 October 2005 to 23 January 2015. Some regard Khaled al-Tuwaijri as a de facto Prime Minister from 9 October 2005 to 23 January 2015.
5		Salman (born 1935) King 2015 –	23 January 2015	27 September 2022	7	Most day-to-day governance was handled by the King's son Mohammed bin Salman.
6		Mohammed bin Salman (born 1985)	27 September 2022	Incumbent	2+	Crown Prince since 2017. Chief of the Royal Court, Minister of Defense 2015-2022 for his father King Salman.

First Deputy Prime Ministers of Saudi Arabia (1962–2022)

From 1965 to 2022, the Crown Prince was also First Deputy Prime Minister.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family
Khalid bin Abdulaziz خالد	(1913-02-13)13 February 1913 – 13 June 1982(1982-06-13) (aged 69)	31 October 1962	25 March 1975 (became king)	Son of Ibn Saud and Al Jawhara bint Musaed bin Jiluwi	Saud
Fahd bin Abdulaziz فهد	(1921-03-16)16 March 1921 – 1 August 2005(2005-08-01) (aged 84)	25 March 1975	13 June 1982 (became king)	Son of Ibn Saud and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi	Saud
Abdullah bin Abdulaziz عبد الله	(1924-08-01)1 August 1924 – 22 January 2015(2015-01-22) (aged 90)	13 June 1982	1 August 2005 (became king)	Son of Ibn Saud and Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim	Saud
Sultan bin Abdulaziz سلطان	(1931-08-01)1 August 1931 – 22 October 2011(2011-10-22) (aged 80)	1 August 2005	22 October 2011 (died in office)	Son of Ibn Saud and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi	Saud
Nayef bin Abdulaziz نايف	(1934-08-23)23 August 1934 – 16 June 2012(2012-06-16) (aged 77)	22 October 2011	16 June 2012 (died in office)	Son of Ibn Saud and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi	Saud
Salman bin Abdulaziz سلمان	(1935-12-31) 31 December 1935 (age 88)	16 June 2012	23 January 2015 (became king)	Son of Ibn Saud and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi	Saud
Muqrin bin Abdulaziz مقرن	(1945-09-15) 15 September 1945 (age 79)	23 January 2015	29 April 2015 (resigned)	Son of Ibn Saud and Baraka Al Yamaniyah	Saud
Muhammad bin Nayef محمد بن نايف	(1959-08-30) 30 August 1959 (age 65)	29 April 2015	21 June 2017 (deposed)	Son of Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz and Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz bin Musaed bin Jiluwi Al Saud	Saud
Mohammed bin Salman محمد بن سلمان	(1985-08-31) 31 August 1985 (age 39)	21 June 2017	27 September 2022 (became prime minister)	Son of King Salman and Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan Al Hithalayn Al Ajmi	Saud

History of the second deputy prime minister position

The honorific title of "Second Deputy Prime Minister" goes back to 1967, in order to designate who was the senior prince not excluded from the throne. The position was created by King Faisal.

In March 1965, under pressure from King Faisal and the House of Saud, crown prince Mohammed stepped down as apparent to the Saudi throne. Mohammed was known to have temper issues and drinking problems.^[4]^[5]^[6] As a result, King Faisal installed Prince Khalid as crown prince. However, he was reluctant to accept the offer of King Faisal to be named crown prince several times until March 1965. In addition, Khalid asked King Faisal to remove him from the position various times. One of the speculations about Prince Khalid's selection as heir designate was his lack of predilection for politics. In short, by selecting him as heir designate the royal family could create an intra-familial consensus.^[7] In 1967, crown prince Khalid expressed his desire not to preside over the Council of Ministers against King Faisal's request which led to the appointment of Prince Fahd as second deputy prime minister with the task of leading the Council meetings.^[8] Prince Saad and Prince Nasir, who were older than Fahd, were set aside from the throne due to being less experienced.^[9]

When King Faisal was assassinated in 1975, King Khalid designated Prince Fahd as crown prince and Prince Abdullah as second deputy prime minister.

As King Khalid became ill with old age, the question of who would succeed Abdullah as the second deputy prime minister became more pressing. Prince Abdullah was succeeded by Prince Sultan as de facto Deputy Prime Ministers of The Kingdom.

Second Deputy Prime Ministers of Saudi Arabia (1967–2017)

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family
Fahd bin Abdulaziz فهد	(1921-03-16)16 March 1921 – 1 August 2005(2005-08-01) (aged 84)	1967	25 March 1975 (became crown prince)	Son of Ibn Saud and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi	Saud
Abdullah bin Abdulaziz عبد الله	(1924-08-01)1 August 1924 – 22 January 2015(2015-01-22) (aged 90)	25 March 1975	13 June 1982 (became crown prince)	Son of Ibn Saud and Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim	Saud
Sultan bin Abdulaziz سلطان	(1931-08-01)1 August 1931 – 22 October 2011(2011-10-22) (aged 80)	13 June 1982	1 August 2005 (became crown prince)	Son of Ibn Saud and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi	Saud
Nayef bin Abdulaziz نايف	(1934-08-23)23 August 1934 – 16 June 2012(2012-06-16) (aged 77)	1 August 2005	22 October 2011 (became crown prince)	Son of Ibn Saud and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi	Saud
Muqrin bin Abdulaziz مقرن	(1945-09-15) 15 September 1945 (age 79)	27 March 2014	23 January 2015 (became crown prince)	Son of Ibn Saud and Baraka Al Yamaniyah	Al Saud
Muhammad bin Nayef محمد بن نايف	(1959-08-30) 30 August 1959 (age 65)	23 January 2015	29 April 2015 (became crown prince)	Son of Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz and Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz bin Musaed bin Jiluwi Al Saud	Al Saud
Mohammed bin Salman محمد بن سلمان	(1985-08-31) 31 August 1985 (age 39)	29 April 2015	21 June 2017 (became crown prince)	Son of King Salman and Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan Al Hithalayn Al Ajmi	Al Saud

References

^ "Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince to become Kingdom's Prime Minister: Royal decree". Al Arabiya English. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
^ أرشيف-شاهد على العصر-الأمير طلال بن عبد العزيز ج1 [Watch the Times – Prince Talal bin Abdul Aziz] (in Arabic). Al Jazeera. 31 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.
^ *"Saudi Arabia". WorldStatesman. Ben Cahoon. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
^ Ayman Al Yassini (August 1982). The Relationship between Religion and State in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (PhD thesis). McGill University. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^ Jafar Al Bakl (16 December 2014). "الفحولة وآل سعود... والشرف المراق على جوانبه الدم". Al Akhbar (in Arabic). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
^ Donald S. Inbody (1984). "Saudi Arabia and the United States: Perception and Gulf security". Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School. p. 23. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
^ M. Ehsan Ahrari (1999). "Political succession in Saudi Arabia". Comparative Strategy. 18 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1080/01495939908403160.
^ "Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. p. 77. Archived from the original (Country Readers Series) on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ Simon Henderson (1994). "After King Fahd" (PDF). Washington Institute. Archived from the original (Policy Paper) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.

[1] "Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince to become Kingdom's Prime Minister: Royal decree". Al Arabiya English. Retrieved 2022-09-27.

[2] أرشيف-شاهد على العصر-الأمير طلال بن عبد العزيز ج1 [Watch the Times – Prince Talal bin Abdul Aziz] (in Arabic). Al Jazeera. 31 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.

[3] *"Saudi Arabia". WorldStatesman. Ben Cahoon. Retrieved 2014-03-31.

[4] Ayman Al Yassini (August 1982). The Relationship between Religion and State in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (PhD thesis). McGill University. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

[alkh14-5] Jafar Al Bakl (16 December 2014). "الفحولة وآل سعود... والشرف المراق على جوانبه الدم". Al Akhbar (in Arabic). Retrieved 12 September 2020.

[6] Donald S. Inbody (1984). "Saudi Arabia and the United States: Perception and Gulf security". Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School. p. 23. Retrieved 30 March 2021.

[7] M. Ehsan Ahrari (1999). "Political succession in Saudi Arabia". Comparative Strategy. 18 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1080/01495939908403160.

[8] "Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. p. 77. Archived from the original (Country Readers Series) on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.

[shenderson94-9] Simon Henderson (1994). "After King Fahd" (PDF). Washington Institute. Archived from the original (Policy Paper) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.

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