Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

PTH1R
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1BL1, 3C4M, 3H3G, 3L2J, 4Z8J
Identifiers
Aliases	PTH1R, PFE, PTHR, PTHR1, Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor, EKNS
External IDs	OMIM: 168468; MGI: 97801; HomoloGene: 267; GeneCards: PTH1R; OMA:PTH1R - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (human)
End	46,903,799 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 9 (mouse)
End	110,747,145 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	Top expressed in
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function
Cellular component
Biological process
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5745
	19228
	ENSG00000160801
	ENSMUSG00000032492
	Q03431
	P41593
	NM_000316; NM_001184744
	NM_001083935; NM_001083936; NM_011199
	NP_000307; NP_001171673
	NP_001077404; NP_001077405; NP_035329
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor, also known as parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH1R gene. PTH1R functions as a receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), also called parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH).

Function

This "classical" PTH receptor is expressed in high levels in bone and kidney and regulates calcium ion homeostasis through activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C.^[5]^[6] In bone, it is expressed on the surface of osteoblasts. When the receptor is activated through PTH binding, osteoblasts express RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kB Ligand), which binds to RANK (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kB) on osteoclasts. This turns on osteoclasts to ultimately increase the resorption rate.

Mechanism

It is a member of the secretin family of G protein-coupled receptors. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G_s protein, which activates adenylyl cyclase. Besides this, they also activate the phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.

Pathology

Defects in this receptor are known to be the cause of Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC) and chondrodysplasia Blomstrand type (BOCD) as well as enchondromatosis^[7] and primary failure of tooth eruption.^[8]

Interactions

Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor has been shown to interact with Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor 2^[9] and Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160801 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032492 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Mannstadt M, Jüppner H, Gardella TJ (Nov 1999). "Receptors for PTH and PTHrP: their biological importance and functional properties". The American Journal of Physiology. 277 (5 Pt 2): F665-75. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.5.F665. PMID 10564229. Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
^ Offermanns S, Iida-Klein A, Segre GV, Simon MI (May 1996). "G alpha q family members couple parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide and calcitonin receptors to phospholipase C in COS-7 cells". Molecular Endocrinology. 10 (5): 566–74. doi:10.1210/mend.10.5.8732687. PMID 8732687.
^ "Entrez Gene: PTH1R parathyroid hormone 1 receptor".
^ Yamaguchi T, Hosomichi K, Narita A, Shirota T, Tomoyasu Y, Maki K, Inoue I (Jul 2011). "Exome resequencing combined with linkage analysis identifies novel PTH1R variants in primary failure of tooth eruption in Japanese". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 26 (7): 1655–61. doi:10.1002/jbmr.385. PMID 21404329. S2CID 23855913.
^ ^a ^b Mahon MJ, Donowitz M, Yun CC, Segre GV (Jun 2002). "Na(+)/H(+ ) exchanger regulatory factor 2 directs parathyroid hormone 1 receptor signalling". Nature. 417 (6891): 858–61. Bibcode:2002Natur.417..858M. doi:10.1038/nature00816. PMID 12075354. S2CID 4379134.

Pioszak AA, Harikumar KG, Parker NR, Miller LJ, Xu HE (Apr 2010). "Dimeric arrangement of the parathyroid hormone receptor and a structural mechanism for ligand-induced dissociation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (16): 12435–44. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.093138. PMC 2852981. PMID 20172855.
Bonaventure J, Silve C (Nov 2005). "[Hereditary skeletal dysplasias and FGFR3 and PTHR1 signaling pathways]" (PDF). Médecine/Sciences. 21 (11): 954–61. doi:10.1051/medsci/20052111954. PMID 16274647.
Dawson SJ, White LA (May 1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin". The Journal of Infection. 24 (3): 317–20. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4. PMID 1602151.
Schipani E, Kruse K, Jüppner H (Apr 1995). "A constitutively active mutant PTH-PTHrP receptor in Jansen-type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia". Science. 268 (5207): 98–100. Bibcode:1995Sci...268...98S. doi:10.1126/science.7701349. PMID 7701349.
Schipani E, Weinstein LS, Bergwitz C, Iida-Klein A, Kong XF, Stuhrmann M, Kruse K, Whyte MP, Murray T, Schmidtke J (May 1995). "Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib is not caused by mutations in the coding exons of the human parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor gene". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 80 (5): 1611–21. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.5.7745008. PMID 7745008.
Pausova Z, Bourdon J, Clayton D, Mattei MG, Seldin MF, Janicic N, Rivière M, Szpirer J, Levan G, Szpirer C (Mar 1994). "Cloning of a parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor (PTHR) cDNA from a rat osteosarcoma (UMR 106) cell line: chromosomal assignment of the gene in the human, mouse, and rat genomes". Genomics. 20 (1): 20–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1122. PMID 8020952.
McCuaig KA, Clarke JC, White JH (May 1994). "Molecular cloning of the gene encoding the mouse parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (11): 5051–5. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.5051M. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.5051. PMC 43929. PMID 8197183.
Schipani E, Karga H, Karaplis AC, Potts JT, Kronenberg HM, Segre GV, Abou-Samra AB, Jüppner H (May 1993). "Identical complementary deoxyribonucleic acids encode a human renal and bone parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor". Endocrinology. 132 (5): 2157–65. doi:10.1210/endo.132.5.8386612. PMID 8386612.
Schneider H, Feyen JH, Seuwen K, Movva NR (Jul 1993). "Cloning and functional expression of a human parathyroid hormone receptor". European Journal of Pharmacology. 246 (2): 149–55. doi:10.1016/0922-4106(93)90092-N. PMID 8397094.
Schipani E, Langman CB, Parfitt AM, Jensen GS, Kikuchi S, Kooh SW, Cole WG, Jüppner H (Sep 1996). "Constitutively activated receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (10): 708–14. doi:10.1056/NEJM199609053351004. PMID 8703170.
Zhou AT, Bessalle R, Bisello A, Nakamoto C, Rosenblatt M, Suva LJ, Chorev M (Apr 1997). "Direct mapping of an agonist-binding domain within the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor by photoaffinity crosslinking". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (8): 3644–9. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.3644Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3644. PMC 20494. PMID 9108031.
Schipani E, Jensen GS, Pincus J, Nissenson RA, Gardella TJ, Jüppner H (Jun 1997). "Constitutive activation of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate signaling pathway by parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptors mutated at the two loci for Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (7): 851–8. doi:10.1210/mend.11.7.9934. PMID 9178745.
Jobert AS, Zhang P, Couvineau A, Bonaventure J, Roume J, Le Merrer M, Silve C (Jul 1998). "Absence of functional receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in Blomstrand chondrodysplasia". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 102 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1172/JCI2918. PMC 509062. PMID 9649554.
Pellegrini M, Bisello A, Rosenblatt M, Chorev M, Mierke DF (Sep 1998). "Binding domain of human parathyroid hormone receptor: from conformation to function". Biochemistry. 37 (37): 12737–43. doi:10.1021/bi981265h. PMID 9737850.
Zhang P, Jobert AS, Couvineau A, Silve C (Sep 1998). "A homozygous inactivating mutation in the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor causing Blomstrand chondrodysplasia". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 83 (9): 3365–8. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.9.5243. PMID 9745456.
Adams AE, Bisello A, Chorev M, Rosenblatt M, Suva LJ (Nov 1998). "Arginine 186 in the extracellular N-terminal region of the human parathyroid hormone 1 receptor is essential for contact with position 13 of the hormone". Molecular Endocrinology. 12 (11): 1673–83. doi:10.1210/mend.12.11.0198. PMID 9817594.
Matsuzaki K, Katayama K, Takahashi Y, Nakamura I, Udagawa N, Tsurukai T, Nishinakamura R, Toyama Y, Yabe Y, Hori M, Takahashi N, Suda T (Feb 1999). "Human osteoclast-like cells are formed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a coculture with SaOS-2 cells transfected with the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptor gene". Endocrinology. 140 (2): 925–32. doi:10.1210/endo.140.2.6573. PMID 9927325.
Schipani E, Langman C, Hunzelman J, Le Merrer M, Loke KY, Dillon MJ, Silve C, Jüppner H (Sep 1999). "A novel parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor mutation in Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (9): 3052–7. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.9.6000. PMID 10487664.
Karperien M, van der Harten HJ, van Schooten R, Farih-Sips H, den Hollander NS, Kneppers SL, Nijweide P, Papapoulos SE, Löwik CW (Oct 1999). "A frame-shift mutation in the type I parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor causing Blomstrand lethal osteochondrodysplasia". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (10): 3713–20. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.6033. PMID 10523019.
Watson PH, Fraher LJ, Natale BV, Kisiel M, Hendy GN, Hodsman AB (Mar 2000). "Nuclear localization of the type 1 parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor in MC3T3-E1 cells: association with serum-induced cell proliferation". Bone. 26 (3): 221–5. doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00264-1. PMID 10709993.
Truneh A, Sharma S, Silverman C, Khandekar S, Reddy MP, Deen KC, McLaughlin MM, Srinivasula SM, Livi GP, Marshall LA, Alnemri ES, Williams WV, Doyle ML (Jul 2000). "Temperature-sensitive differential affinity of TRAIL for its receptors. DR5 is the highest affinity receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (30): 23319–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.M910438199. PMID 10770955.

External links

"Parathyroid Hormone Receptors: PTH1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
Receptor,+Parathyroid+Hormone,+Type+1 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160801 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032492 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid10564229-5] Mannstadt M, Jüppner H, Gardella TJ (Nov 1999). "Receptors for PTH and PTHrP: their biological importance and functional properties". The American Journal of Physiology. 277 (5 Pt 2): F665-75. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.5.F665. PMID 10564229. Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2007-12-17.

[pmid8732687-6] Offermanns S, Iida-Klein A, Segre GV, Simon MI (May 1996). "G alpha q family members couple parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide and calcitonin receptors to phospholipase C in COS-7 cells". Molecular Endocrinology. 10 (5): 566–74. doi:10.1210/mend.10.5.8732687. PMID 8732687.

[entrez-7] "Entrez Gene: PTH1R parathyroid hormone 1 receptor".

[pmid21404329-8] Yamaguchi T, Hosomichi K, Narita A, Shirota T, Tomoyasu Y, Maki K, Inoue I (Jul 2011). "Exome resequencing combined with linkage analysis identifies novel PTH1R variants in primary failure of tooth eruption in Japanese". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 26 (7): 1655–61. doi:10.1002/jbmr.385. PMID 21404329. S2CID 23855913.

[pmid12075354-9] Mahon MJ, Donowitz M, Yun CC, Segre GV (Jun 2002). "Na(+)/H(+ ) exchanger regulatory factor 2 directs parathyroid hormone 1 receptor signalling". Nature. 417 (6891): 858–61. Bibcode:2002Natur.417..858M. doi:10.1038/nature00816. PMID 12075354. S2CID 4379134.

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