Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature
Contents
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Names | |
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Systematic IUPAC name
Octane[1] | |
Other names
n-Octane
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Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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3DMet | |
1696875 | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
DrugBank | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.539 |
EC Number |
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82412 | |
KEGG | |
MeSH | octane |
PubChem CID
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RTECS number |
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UNII | |
UN number | 1262 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
CH3(CH2)6CH3 | |
Molar mass | 114.232 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | Colourless liquid |
Odor | Gasoline-like[2] |
Density | 0.703 g/cm3 |
Melting point | −57.1 to −56.6 °C; −70.9 to −69.8 °F; 216.0 to 216.6 K |
Boiling point | 125.1 to 126.1 °C; 257.1 to 258.9 °F; 398.2 to 399.2 K |
0.007 mg/dm3 (at 20 °C) | |
log P | 4.783 |
Vapor pressure | 1.47 kPa (at 20.0 °C) |
Henry's law
constant (kH) |
29 nmol/(Pa·kg) |
Conjugate acid | Octonium |
−96.63·10−6 cm3/mol | |
Refractive index (nD)
|
1.398 |
Viscosity |
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Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
|
255.68 J/(K·mol) |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
361.20 J/(K·mol) |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−252.1 to −248.5 kJ/mol |
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298) |
−5.53 to −5.33 MJ/mol |
Hazards | |
GHS labelling: | |
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Danger | |
H225, H304, H315, H336, H410 | |
P210, P261, P273, P301+P310, P331 | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Flash point | 13.0 °C (55.4 °F; 286.1 K) |
220.0 °C (428.0 °F; 493.1 K) | |
Explosive limits | 0.96 – 6.5% |
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LDLo (lowest published)
|
428 mg/kg (mouse, intravenous)[4] |
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
|
TWA 500 ppm (2350 mg/m3)[2] |
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 75 ppm (350 mg/m3) C 385 ppm (1800 mg/m3) [15-minute][2] |
IDLH (Immediate danger)
|
1000 ppm[2] |
Related compounds | |
Related alkanes
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Octane is a hydrocarbon and an alkane with the chemical formula C8H18, and the condensed structural formula CH3(CH2)6CH3. Octane has many structural isomers that differ by the location of branching in the carbon chain. One of these isomers, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (commonly called iso-octane), is used as one of the standard values in the octane rating scale.
Octane is a component of gasoline and petroleum. Under standard temperature and pressure, octane is an odorless, colorless liquid. Like other short-chained alkanes with a low molecular weight, it is volatile, flammable, and toxic. Octane is 1.2 to 2 times more toxic than Heptane.[5]
Isomers
N-octane has 23 constitutional isomers. 8 of these isomers have one stereocenter; 3 of them have two stereocenters.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Octane_stereo_isomers_10_3_4_dimethylhexane.svg/437px-Octane_stereo_isomers_10_3_4_dimethylhexane.svg.png)
Achiral Isomers:
- 2-Methylheptane
- 4-Methylheptane
- 3-Ethylhexane
- 2,2-Dimethylhexane
- 2,5-Dimethylhexane
- (meso)-3,4-Dimethylhexane
- 3,3-Dimethylhexane
- 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane
- 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane
- 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (i.e. iso-octane)
- 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
- 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
- 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane
Chiral Isomers:
- (3R)-3-Methylheptane
- (3S)-3-Methylheptane
- (3R)-2,3-Dimethylhexane
- (3S)-2,3-Dimethylhexane
- (4R)-2,4-Dimethylhexane
- (4S)-2,4-Dimethylhexane
- (3R,4R)-3,4-Dimethylhexane
- (3S,4S)-3,4-Dimethylhexane
- (3R)-2,2,3-Trimethylpentane
- (3S)-2,2,3-Trimethylpentane
Production and Use
In petrochemistry, octanes are not typically differentiated or purified as specific compounds. Octanes are components of particular boiling fractions.[6]
A common route to such fractions is the alkylation reaction between iso-butane and 1-butene, which forms iso-octane.[7]
Octane is commonly used as a solvent in paints and adhesives.
References
- ^ "octane - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 16 September 2004. Identification and Related Records. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
- ^ a b c d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0470". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Dymond, J. H.; Oye, H. A. (1994). "Viscosity of Selected Liquid n-Alkanes". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 23 (1): 41–53. Bibcode:1994JPCRD..23...41D. doi:10.1063/1.555943. ISSN 0047-2689.
- ^ "Octane". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "1988 OSHA PEL Project - Octane | NIOSH | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-02-27. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
- ^ "Fractionation". www.appliedcontrol.com. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
- ^ Ross, Julian (January 1986). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry". Applied Catalysis. 27 (2): 403–404. doi:10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82943-7. ISSN 0166-9834.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0933
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0470". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, Octane, [1]