Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature
Contents
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Culture of Burundi |
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People |
Languages |
Cuisine |
Religion |
Art |
Music |
Sport |
Mass media in Burundi mainly consists of radio, television, and printed resources, with a project underway to improve internet access to the country. Most mass media in Burundi is controlled by the government, and access to international mass media is limited.
Radio
As of 30 June 2021, Burundi registers the following radio stations (Telecommunications Authority, 2021):
Nationally owned radio stations
- RADIO BUNTU IJWI RY’IMPFUVYI N’ABAPFAKAZI
- RADIO » IJWI RY’ IMBABAZI
- RADIO BENAA FM
- RADIO CCIB FM+
- RADIO AGAKIZA
- RADIO COLOMBE FM
- RADIO CULTURE
- RADIO DESTINY FM
- RADIO EAGLE SPORT FM
- RADIO FREQUENCE MENYA
- RADIO IJWI RY’ UMUKENYEZI
- RADIO ISANGANIRO
- RADIO IZERE FM
- RADIO MARIA BDI
- RADIO REMA FM
- RADIO SCOLAIRE NDERAGAKURA FM
- RADIO SPECIALE HUMURIZA FM
- RADIO STAR FM
Internationally owned radio stations
- RFI
- RADIO HIT AFRIQUE
- RADIO ROYAL MEDIA.
The addresses and frequency assigned to those stations are summarized in the table below (Communications Commission, 2021):
N | Name | Frequency | Station | Since | Key Contact | Address |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | RTNB | 92.9 MHz | Bujumbura | 1959 | Jonas Ndikumurimyi | |
2 | CCIB FM+ | 99.4 MHz | Bujumbura | 1993 | J. Jacques Ntamagara | |
3 | CULTURE | 88.2 MHz | Bujumbura | 1999 | Salomee Ndayishimiye | www.radioculture.org |
4 | NDERAGAKURA | 87.9 MHz | Bujumbura | 2000 | Stany Nahayo | www.radionderagakura.org |
5 | IVYIZIGIRO | 90.9 MHz | Bujumbura | 2000 | Onesime Habarugira | |
6 | ISANGANIRO | 89.7 MHz | Bujumbura | 2002 | Sylvere Ntakarutimana | www.isanganiro.org |
7 | MARIA | 98.4 MHz | Bujumbura | 2003 | Abbe Desire Bireha |
Television
Television in Burundi was introduced in 1984, with coverage having national reach in 1992.[1] As of 2004 there was still only one television service, the government-owned Télévision Nationale du Burundi.
The television stations registered in 2021 are the following (Telecommunications Authority)[1]:
- TELEVISION NATIONALE DU BURUNDI
- HERITAGE TV
- REMA TV
- TELEVISION ARGOS
- TELEVISION SALAMA
- CITIZEN TV (satellite)
- TELEVISION NUMERIQUE DENOMMEE « BEST ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION (BE TV) »
- TELEVISION « MASHARIKI TV »
- TELEVISION BURUNDI BWIZA
Main channels
Name | Owner | Type | Launched |
---|---|---|---|
RTNB | Government of Burundi | State-owned | 1975 |
Télé Renaissance | Bernard Henri Levy[2] | Private-owned | 2008 |
Héritage TV | ? | ||
TV Salama | |||
BeTV | ? | Private | 2017 |
MASHARIKI TV |
There are also three main tele distributors:
- TELE -10
- STARTIMES
- AZAM MÉDIA.
Internet
Burundi has launched a $25 million investment project in a fibre-optic cable network to widen access to broadband Internet and cut costs.[3]
Newspapers include:
Iwacu, founded abroad in 1993, began publishing in Burundi as a weekly in 2008. It quickly became the most-circulated newspaper in Burundi and as of 2016 is the only privately-owned one.[4]
See also
Bibliography
- "Burundi: Directory: Broadcasting and Communications". Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 158. ISBN 1857431839.
- "Burundi", Freedom of the Press, USA: Freedom House, 2016, OCLC 57509361
- "Radio silence: Burundi's media targeted in ongoing political crisis", Global Voices, 17 February 2016 – via The Guardian
References
- ^ Legum, Colin, ed. (1994). Africa Contemporary Record 1992–1994. Vol. XXIV. New York: Africana Publishing Company. p. B-287. ISBN 978-0841905627.
- ^ "RFI - Création de Télé Renaissance". 1.rfi.fr. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ "Burundi invests $25 mln in high-speed Internet network". Reuters.com. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ McCormick, Ty (15 January 2016). "The Last Newspaper in Burundi". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
External links
- "Burundi". Electronic Newspapers of Africa. Virtual Libraries: African Studies. New York, USA: Columbia University Libraries.
- Karen Fung, African Studies Association (ed.). "News (by country): Burundi". Africa South of the Sahara. USA – via Stanford University.
Annotated directory