Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature
| Leivu | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Latvia |
| Region | Gauja |
| Ethnicity | Gauja Estonians |
| Extinct | 1988, with the death of Anton Bok |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | leiv1235 |
 South Estonian, including Leivu | |
The Leivu dialect is an extinct dialect of South Estonian that was spoken in North Latvia around the Gauja river by the Gauja Estonians. It became extinct in 1988 when the last speaker Anton Bok (1908–1988) died.[1] However there are many recordings of the dialect. The Leivu dialect most closely resembles the Hargla sub-dialect of Võro but was influenced by the Latvian language[2] and possibly even Livonian.[3]
In the year 1782, the dialect was spoken by thousands of people, in 1849 around 2600 knew the dialect and in 1935 only about 131 knew or spoke it.[4]
In 1911, Finnish linguist Heikki Ojansuu went to document the Leivu dialect along with the Ludza and Kraasna dialects.[5]
Phonology
Due to Latvian influence, the sounds s and z have changed into š and ž. For example: suži ‘wolf’, püššü ‘gun’. There has also been a loss of the consonant /h/ in many words and it is usually replaced by a stød such as in: ra’a ‘money’, vä’ämb ‘less’.[2]
The first syllable was pronounced longer than in other South-Estonian dialects, for example mùnà ‘egg’.[2]
Lexicon
Some words in Leivu:[2]
- ria = rake
- püäbä = Sunday
- vaijõr = maple
- jaijõ = chilly
- na’a = skin
- pä’ä = head
- jèma = mother
- eza = father
- terä = seed, grain
- tarõ = room
See also
References
- ^ "Linguistica Uralica, 2010. Quantity in Leivu" (PDF). kirj.ee. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d Pire Teras (August 2010). "Quantity of Leivu – Estonian language island in contact situation" – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Dahl, Östen & Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria: The Circum-Baltic Languages: Grammar and typology
- ^ Marjo Mela. "Läti eestlased. Ajalugu, keel ja kultuur". Eesti Keele Sihtasutus. Tallinn 2007 lk 33-34
- ^ ""Maq Sinnu Sali": The South Estonian Dialect Spoken in Deepest Latvia". 14 November 2016.
