Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

Lashio ဝဵင်းလႃႈသဵဝ်ႈ လားရှိုးမြို့
Town
Lashio Location in Myanmar (Burma)
Coordinates: 22°56′N 97°45′E / 22.933°N 97.750°E / 22.933; 97.750
Country	Myanmar
State	Shan State
District	Lashio District
Township	Lashio Township
Elevation	2,746 ft (836 m)
Population  (2009 estimate)
• Total	131,000
• Ethnicities	Shan Chinese Burmese.
• Religions	Buddhism
Time zone	UTC+6.30 (MMT)

Lashio (Burmese: လားရှိုးမြို့; MLCTS: la: hrui: mrui. [láʃó mjo̰]; Shan: ဝဵင်းလႃႈသဵဝ်ႈ [weŋ˥ laː˧˧˨ sʰeu˧˧˨]) is the largest town in northern Shan State, Myanmar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north-east of Mandalay. It is situated on a low mountain spur overlooking the valley of the Yaw River.^[1] Loi Leng, the highest mountain of the Shan Hills, is located 45 km (28 mi) to the south-east of Lashio.^[2]

Lashio is the administrative center of Lashio Township and Lashio District; before April 2010, it was also the administrative center of Shan State (North). The population grew from approximately 5000 in 1960 to 88,590 in 1983. It was estimated at approximately 131,000 in 2009.^[3]

The population is made up of mostly Shan, Chinese and Burmans.

The British colonial period in this part of the country began in 1887, and the Myanmar Railways line from Mandalay reached Lashio in 1903.

Before British rule Lashio was also the centre of authority for the northern Shan States, but the Burmese post in the valley was close to the Nam Yao, in an old Chinese fortified camp. The Lashio valley was formerly very populous; but a rebellion, started by the sawbwa of Hsenwi, about ten years before the British occupation, ruined it.^[1]

In 1900, the town of Lashio consisted of the European station, with court house and quarters for the civil officers; the military police post, the headquarters of the Lashio battalion of military police; and the native station, in which the various nationalities, Shans, Burmans, Hindus and Muslims, who were divided into separate quarters, with reserves for government servants and for the temporary residences of the five sawbwas of the northern Shan States; and a bazaar.^[1]

Lashio became important during the Sino-Japanese War and World War II as the Burmese terminus of the Burma Road. In World War II, Lashio was taken by the Japanese on April 29, 1942 and liberated by the Allies on March 7, 1945.^[4]

During Operation 1027 of the Myanmar Civil War, the town was surrounded by the Ta'ang National Liberation Army and other rebel forces who took towns around Lashio, although fighting did not immediately take place in the town itself. Many people displaced from fighting elsewhere fled to Laisho for safety.^[5] After the ceasefire that ended the operation collapsed, the MNDAA and its allies launched a renewed attack to seize the town, culminating in the Battle of Lashio, where rebel forces were victorious.^[6]

Lashio has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) according to the Köppen climate classification system, though closely bordering the tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), marked by heavy rains from May to October. The annual rainfall averages 54 inches (1,400 mm). The average maximum temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) and the average minimum 13 °C (55 °F) .^[1][7] Temperatures are generally warm throughout the year, though nights are cool from December to March.

• Yan Tine Aung Pagoda
• Chinese Temple
• Natural Hot spring
• Sarsana Hill
• Mansu Shan Monastery
• Lashio Night Bazaar
• Hu Mon Dam
• Linnoet (bat) cave
• Ye Kan Thaung

Lashio is located at the end of the Burma Road. Lashio Railway Station is the terminus of the Mandalay–Lashio Railway. It is also the end point of the government cart road from Mandalay, from which it is 178 miles (286 km) distant.^[1]

The scenic Goteik viaduct is near Lashio and trains travelling from Mandalay pass over the bridge, which is the highest bridge in Myanmar.

In 2009, a railway link through to Jiegao in China was proposed. In 2011 the proposal was expanded to a link between Kunming and Kyaukphyu. President Thein Sein's signed a memorandum of understanding during his May 2011 visit to Beijing between Myanmar's rail transport ministry and China's state-owned Railway Engineering Corporation to build the railway.^[10]

It is the home of Lashio Airport.

Religious sites include the "Sasana (Pyilon Chanta) Pagoda" and the "Mansu Pagoda". Yepusan spa is nearly five miles away from the city center, and is healthful in winter. Other than some ethnic minorities group, Lashio is also a town with a large Chinese population. The most famous Chinese temple in the area is "观音山灵峰寺" where many Chinese people visited during the Chinese New Year (Spring Festival). Since 2000, Lashio has been important for border trade between Myanmar and China. ^{[citation needed]}. It is 190 kilometres (120 mi) from Muse, and is situated midway between Muse and Mandalay.

Sai Mauk Kham, one of the Vice Presidents of Myanmar's democratic government from the 2010 general election, was elected from Lashio constituency.

The town is home to the Lashio University, the Computer University (Lashio),^[11] the Technology University (Lashio),^[12] the Education College (Lashio) and the Lashio Nursing School.

• 
  Lashio skyline
• 
  Guanyin Temple (臘戌觀音寺)
• 
  Lashio Gate
• 
  Nagayon Pagoda
• 
  Sutaungpyay Pagoda
• 
  Sunset in Lashio
• 
  Lake in Lashio

• Lashio Airport
• Lashio Township
• Sino-Myanmar pipelines

• Taipei American Chamber of Commerce; Topics Magazine, Analysis, November 2012. Myanmar: Southeast Asia's Last Frontier for Investment, BY DAVID DUBYNE
• Lashio, April 28, 1942 - Story of War 'Last Man in to Bat'

22°56′N 97°45′E / 22.933°N 97.750°E / 22.933; 97.750