Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

Posted on February 13, 2023 By LabLynx Journal articles

Add links

June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued March 4, 2020
Decided June 29, 2020
Full case nameJune Medical Services, LLC, et al. v. Stephen Russo, Interim Secretary, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
Docket no.18-1323
Citations591 U.S. ___ (more)
2020 WL 3492640
ArgumentOral argument
DecisionOpinion
Case history
Prior
  • Preliminary injunction granted, June Med. Servs. LLC v. Kliebert, 158 F. Supp. 3d 473 (M.D. La. 2016);
  • Stay granted, 814 F.3d 319 (5th Cir. 2016);
  • Stay vacated, 136 S. Ct. 1354 (2016);
  • Permanent injunction granted, 250 F. Supp. 3d nfdco20170427e04 27 (M.D. La. 2017);
  • Reversed, 905 F.3d 787 (5th Cir. 2018);
  • Rehearing en banc denied, 913 F.3d 573 (5th Cir. 2019);
  • Stay granted, 139 S. Ct. 663 (2019);
  • Cert. granted, 140 S. Ct. 35 (2019).
Holding
The Louisiana law requiring abortion doctors to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles of the clinic imposes an undue burden on a woman's right to obtain an abortion.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Clarence Thomas · Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer · Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch · Brett Kavanaugh
Case opinions
PluralityBreyer, joined by Ginsburg, Sotomayor, Kagan
ConcurrenceRoberts (in judgment)
DissentThomas
DissentAlito, joined by Gorsuch; Thomas (except Parts III–C and IV–F); Kavanaugh (Parts I, II, and III)
DissentGorsuch
DissentKavanaugh
Laws applied
Louisiana Unsafe Abortion Protection Act
Superseded by
Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)

June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo, 591 U.S. ___ (2020), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a Louisiana state law placing hospital-admission requirements on abortion clinics doctors was unconstitutional. The law mirrored a Texas state law that the Court found unconstitutional in 2016 in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (WWH).

The Louisiana state law, as the Texas law, would have required doctors performing abortions to have admission privileges at a state-authorized hospital within 30 miles (48 km) of the abortion clinic. This law would have limited abortions to one single doctor in the state, as other doctors had not yet gained admission privileges or were outside the given range. The Texas law was declared unconstitutional in WWH in 2016,[1] on the basis that limiting clinic availability was an undue burden on women seeking legal abortions, a constitutional right as determined by the landmark ruling Roe v. Wade (1973).[2] The Louisiana law, however, had survived its challenge on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which ruled the law had fundamental differences from the Texas law based on the WWH ruling.

On June 29, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the Louisiana law was unconstitutional, reversing the Fifth Circuit's decision.[3] The Court's plurality opinion was written by Justice Stephen Breyer and joined by the three more liberal members of the Court, asserting that Louisiana's law was unconstitutional following from the same arguments that Texas's law had been in WWH and overruling the Fifth Circuit's reasoning. Chief Justice John Roberts joined them in the judgement but not in the opinion, upholding his position of dissent from WWH but deferring to a matter of precedent to support the judgement. The remaining four Justices submitted their own dissents upholding the law's constitutionality.

June Medical Services had been considered a potentially important case on abortion rights in the United States, as it was the first abortion-related case to be heard by both Justices Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh, two justices that are considered conservative, giving the Court a conservative majority, and potentially threatening the Roe v. Wade precedent.[4]

Background

Before Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt

Around 2013, several states including Texas had passed laws that, among other clauses, would require abortion doctors to have admission privileges at a hospital within 30 miles (48 km) of their abortion clinic, on the basis that if something went wrong with the abortion procedure, the patient can be rushed and treated at a nearby hospital. These safety standards, known as TRAP laws, formed the basis of the law, though at least one individual who helped craft it claimed his ultimate goal was to shut down abortion clinics.[5] To have admission privileges, the doctor must effectively be an approved practitioner at that hospital. This can be a difficult process for a doctor, since hospitals expect admitting doctors to provide them with patients to be fiscally viable, and abortion doctors do not regularly provide such patients. In the case of Texas, its law Texas House Bill 2 (HB2), passed in mid-2013. By the time this part of the law came into effect in November 2013, only 19 of 42 abortion clinics remained open, leaving some women with their closest center more than 300 miles (480 km) away.[6][7] Legal challenges from affected clinics were launched just prior to the November date. A first challenge ended in the Fifth Circuit which vacated a District Court's stay of enforcement with the Supreme Court declining to overrule, allowing the rule to come into effect. A second lawsuit on more focused terms and focusing on two specific clinics affected by the law was started in April 2014. This suit, finding similar resistance in the Fifth Circuit, eventually reached the Supreme Court as Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt; the Court agreed to hear the case in November 2015, oral arguments in March 2016 (some weeks after the death of Justice Antonin Scalia), and decided in June 2016. The 5-3 decision found that, on the basis that the right to have an abortion is a constitutional right from Roe v. Wade, the Texas law requirement on admitting privileges at a nearby hospital created an undue burden for women who were seeking to have abortions.[1][8][9]

While the cases related to Texas HB2 had started and after the Fifth Circuit had issued its first vacating towards the stay, Louisiana's state legislation introduced and passed Act 620 by June 2014 modeled off the Texas law. The law had been introduced by state senator Katrina Jackson, a Democrat with an anti-abortion stance who said her intent for the law was "to make sure that when a woman elects to have an abortion, while Roe vs. Wade is still the law, that they have safe choices."[10] At that point, the state had six abortion clinics, and only one that would make the admitting privileges requirement by the September 2014 enforcement date.[11] The five affected doctors attempted to secure admitting privileges before September but were denied, leading the clinics to seek a preliminary injunction to prevent the law from coming into effect. The challenge was heard in the Middle District Court of Louisiana by Judge John W. deGravelles, which granted the injunction.[12][13] The state appealed this to the Fifth Circuit. The three-judge panel unanimously agreed to vacate the District Court's injunction,[14] allowing Act 620 to in effect on February 15, 2016, which forced at least two clinics to immediately close.[13] The clinics sought an emergency stay on the Fifth Circuit's decision from the Supreme Court, which granted the stay on March 5, 2016,[15] halting enforcement and allowing the clinics to continue. The Supreme Court, which had just heard the oral arguments in WWH, stated that the courts should wait on its decision in WWH and rehear the case based on its outcome.[16]

Aftermath

With the Supreme Court's stay on enforcement of Act 620 in place, the full case was heard before Judge deGravelles at the District Court. deGravelles found in favor of the plaintiffs in April 2017 and deeming Act 620 unconstitutional, applying the Supreme Court's "undue burden" tests from WWH similarly to Louisiana's laws in his 117-page opinion.[17] deGravelles granted a permanent injunction on the state from enforcing Act 620.[18] The state again appealed to the Fifth Circuit. In a 2-1 decision issued in September 2018, Judges Jerry Edwin Smith and Edith Brown Clement reversed the District Court's decision.[19] In the majority opinion, the Fifth Circuit found that in applying the undue burden test, only about 30% of the women in the state would be affected by the law, and only due to longer waiting times to have the abortion procedure should one affected clinic close.[20] The majority also found that in contrast to the Texas's admission privilege's requirements, Louisiana's were less strict, making it easier for those doctors to obtain it. Judge Patrick E. Higginbotham wrote in his dissent that in applying the undue burden test, the state shows no compelling medical benefit to override the right to an abortion.[21][22]

The plaintiffs sought an en banc hearing from the full Fifth Circuit, but this request was denied, with Act 620 set to come into effect on February 4, 2019.[23] The 5th circuit denied a rehearing by a vote of 9–6. Chief Judge Carl E. Stewart, and Judges James L. Dennis, Leslie H. Southwick, James E. Graves, Jr., Stephen A. Higginson, and Gregg Costa voted to rehear. Dennis wrote a 19-page dissent, which Higginbotham, Graves, and Higginson joined. Higginson wrote a 1-page dissent. Judges Jones, Smith, Owen, Elrod, Haynes, Willett, Ho, Engelhardt, and Oldham voted not to rehear.[24] The plaintiffs issued a request to Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito to issue an emergency stay on the law by January 29, 2019.[25] The Supreme Court issued an order based on a 5–4 split to stay the enforcement of the act pending a full review of the plaintiff's petition and a full hearing in the Supreme Court, should they grant writ of certiorari.[26] The majority included Chief Justice John Roberts (who had previously joined the dissent in WWH) along with the four liberal justices, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan. The dissenting justices were Alito, Clarence Thomas, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh. Only Kavanaugh wrote an opinion alongside the order, stating that he believed that three of the doctors affected by the admitting privileges could still obtain these, and had not yet demonstrated it was impossible for them to get it, eliminating the undue burden on women.[27] In addition to requesting an emergency stay on the Fifth Circuit's decision, the clinics also petitioned the Supreme Court to hear the case.

Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari in the case in October 2019, agreeing to review the ruling below.[28][29] With the resignation of Rebekah Gee in January 2020, the case was renamed from June Medical Services, LLC v. Gee[30] upon the appointment of the interim health secretary, Stephen Russo.[30]

Oral arguments took place on March 4, 2020. Court observers said the court was split along the five conservative Justices that would uphold the Fifth Circuit's ruling and the four liberal ones, with Chief Justice John Roberts, typically conservative, likely to be the key vote with his intent unclear from the questions he had asked. Roberts had sided for the Texas law in WWH, but voted with the liberals to block the Louisiana law from going into effect. Court observers have stated that Roberts tends to side with conservative issues, but has also voted in cases to uphold the reputation of the Supreme Court.[31][32]

The Court released its opinions on June 29, 2020.

Plurality opinion

In a 5–4 judgment, the Court ruled that the Louisiana law was unconstitutional, reversing the decision of the Fifth Circuit.[3] The plurality opinion was written by Justice Stephen Breyer, and joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan.[33] In addition to their review of the commonality of the Louisiana law to the Texas law, Breyer wrote "The evidence also shows that opposition to abortion played a significant role in some hospitals' decisions to deny admitting privileges."[34]

Roberts opinion concurring in the judgment

Chief Justice John Roberts joined with the judgment of the four, but not on their opinion. Roberts wrote that while he maintained his dissent against the majority opinion from WWH, he joined the majority judgement in this case out of respect for court precedent set by WWH.[33][35][36] Roberts wrote "The Louisiana law imposes a burden on access to abortion just as severe as that imposed by the Texas law, for the same reasons. Therefore Louisiana's law cannot stand under our precedents."[34]

Dissents

Separate dissents were written by Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh, with Thomas, Gorsuch, and Kavanaugh also joining parts on Alito's dissent.[33] Thomas maintained in his dissent that Roe v. Wade "is grievously wrong for many reasons, but the most fundamental is that its core holding—that the Constitution protects a woman’s right to abort her unborn child—finds no support in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment."[34] Alito wrote in his dissent that "the abortion right is used like a bulldozer to flatten legal rules that stand in the way."[37] Gorsuch wrote that the Court should have given more deference to the state's rationale for passing the law, while Kavanaugh identified the need for more evidence to determine the potential impacts on abortion access should the law have been enforced.[37]

Impact

June Medical Services was the first abortion-related case to reach the court following the death of Justice Antonin Scalia and the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy, who have since been replaced by Justices Gorsuch and Kavanaugh, respectively. While Scalia had generally been against abortion rights, Kennedy had generally been favorable towards abortion rights, and was considered to have been the swing vote in WWH.[35] Gorsuch and Kavanaugh, both nominated by President Donald Trump and considered to be conservative justices, gave the court a 5–4 conservative majority. Kavanaugh's judicial opinions before joining the Supreme Court and his comments during his nomination process indicated that he views abortion rights with disfavor.[38] Kavanaugh's dissent from the Court's emergency order on February 7 raised concerns among Democrats and supporters of abortion rights.[34] Chief Justice John Roberts had voted to uphold abortion regulations in previous cases.[39]

While the Supreme Court's ruling overturned the Louisiana law and was considered a win for abortion advocates, concerns remained that abortion rights could still be changed by the Court in a future case considering the opinions given by Roberts, Gorsuch and Kavanaugh.[10] In the case of Roberts, his decision to side with the liberal segment of the court was based on his commitment to staying with precedent, and abortion advocates stated concern that Roberts would have ruled against abortion rights in a case where stare decisis would not apply.[40][41][42] In a footnote, Roberts expressed agreement with Justice Alito's view on dissent that "the validity of admitting privileges laws 'depend[s] on numerous factors that may differ from state to state,'" which could signal that he would uphold laws requiring admitting privileges in another state where some unspecified "factors" were different.[43] On June 24, 2022, the Court overturned Roe and Casey in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, meaning that state restrictions on abortion providers are no longer subject to the undue burden standard.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, No. 15-274, 579 U.S. ___ (2016).
  2. ^ Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
  3. ^ a b June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo, No. 18-1323, 591 U.S. ___ (2020).
  4. ^ Allsbrook, Jamille Fields; Ellmann, Nora (February 6, 2020). "June Medical Services v. Russo". Center for American Progress. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  5. ^ Millman, Jason (August 5, 2014). "Why abortion 'patient safety' laws may actually hurt women". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  6. ^ "Texas abortion providers fear major shutdowns". Associated Press. July 12, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2019 – via USA Today.
  7. ^ Cook, Lindsey (January 11, 2016). "Explaining the Whole Woman's Health v. Cole Abortion Case". U.S. News. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  8. ^ Adam Liptak (June 28, 2016). "Justices Overturn Texas Anortion Limits: 'Burden' Is Found - 10 Clinics to Stay Open". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  9. ^ Hurley, Lawrence (June 28, 2016). "Supreme Court firmly backs abortion rights, tosses Texas law". Reuters. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  10. ^ a b Hadavi, Tala (July 4, 2020). "Supreme Court ruling in Louisiana case sets back abortion foes' hopes of overturning Roe v. Wade". CNBC. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  11. ^ Vanacore, Andrew (June 11, 2014). "Abortion rights proponents see fallout from new La. law". The New Orleans Advocate. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  12. ^ June Med. Servs. LLC v. Kliebert, 158 F. Supp. 3d 473 (M.D. La. 2016).
  13. ^ a b Robinson, Campbell (February 26, 2016). "Appeals Court Upholds Law Restricting Louisiana Abortion Doctors". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  14. ^ June Med. Servs. LLC v. Russo, 814 F.3d 319 (5th Cir. 2016).
  15. ^ 136 S. Ct. 1354 (2016).
  16. ^ Wildenberger, Steven (March 5, 2016). "Supreme Court blocks controversial Louisiana abortion law". Jurist. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  17. ^ June Med. Servs. LLC v. Kliebert, 250 F. Supp. 3d 27 (M.D. La. 2017).
  18. ^ Canfield, Sabrina (April 27, 2017). "Judge Kills Louisiana Restriction on Abortion". Courthouse News. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  19. ^ June Med. Servs. LLC v. Russo, 905 F.3d 787 (5th Cir. 2018).
  20. ^ Herskovitz, John (September 26, 2019). "U.S. court upholds Louisiana restriction on abortion clinics". Reuters. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  21. ^ McGill, Kevin (October 1, 2018). "Louisiana's 'admitting privileges' abortion law upheld". Associated Press. Retrieved February 9, 2019 – via U.S. News & World Report.
  22. ^ Liptak, Adam (October 4, 2019). "Supreme Court to Hear Abortion Case From Louisiana". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  23. ^ Grueskin, Caroline (January 25, 2019). "Federal court won't allow stay of Louisiana abortion law that could shutter remaining services". The New Orleans Advocate. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  24. ^ June Med. Servs. LLC v. Russo, 913 F.3d 573 (5th Cir. 2019).
  25. ^ Higgens, Tucker (January 29, 2019). "Eyes on Kavanaugh and Gorsuch as Supreme Court weighs whether Louisiana abortion law can go into effect". CNBC. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  26. ^ 139 S. Ct. 663 (2019).
  27. ^ Liptak, Adam (February 7, 2019). "Supreme Court Blocks Louisiana Abortion Law". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  28. ^ 140 S. Ct. 35 (2019).
  29. ^ Barnes, Robert (October 4, 2019). "Supreme Court to review ruling on Louisiana abortion law". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  30. ^ a b Woodruff, Emily (January 31, 2020). "Supreme Court case on abortion looms as Russo is named Louisiana's interim health secretary". The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  31. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (March 4, 2020). "Supreme Court appears split after hearing first major abortion case with strong conservative majority". CNN. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  32. ^ Higgens, Tucker (March 4, 2020). "Roberts signals he could side with liberals in Supreme Court abortion arguments". CNBC. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  33. ^ a b c Wolf, Richard (June 29, 2020). "Supreme Court strikes down abortion clinic restrictions in Louisiana, a defeat for conservatives". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  34. ^ a b c d de Vogue, Ariana; Cole, Devan (June 29, 2020). "John Roberts sides with liberals on Supreme Court to block controversial Louisiana abortion law". CNN. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  35. ^ a b Liptak, Adam (June 29, 2020). "Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisiana Abortion Restrictions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  36. ^ Barnes, Robert (June 30, 2020). "Courts & Law: Supreme Court strikes down restrictive Louisiana abortion law that would have closed clinics". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  37. ^ a b Williams, Pete (June 29, 2020). "Supreme Court, in 5–4 ruling, strikes down restrictive Louisiana abortion law". NBC News. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  38. ^ Stewart, Tessa (July 13, 2018). "Here's What Brett Kavanaugh Has Said About Roe v. Wade". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  39. ^ Ariane de Vogue, Devan Cole and Caroline Kelly (June 29, 2020). "John Roberts sides with liberals on Supreme Court to block controversial Louisiana abortion law". CNN. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  40. ^ Ziegler, Mary (July 3, 2020). "Op-Ed: Why abortion rights are still at risk". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  41. ^ Greenwood, Linda (July 2, 2020). "How Chief Justice Roberts Solved His Abortion Dilemma". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  42. ^ Tribe, Laurence H. (July 1, 2020). "Roberts's approach could end up being more protective of abortion rights—not less". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  43. ^ Kelly1, Catherine; de Vogue, Ariana (June 29, 2020). "How John Roberts left the door open to more state limits on abortion". CNN. Retrieved July 4, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Medical_Services,_LLC_v._Russo

    by LabLynx

    Website

    Related Posts