Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature
CENPF is part of the nuclear matrix during the G2 phase of the cell cycle (the phase of rapid protein synthesis in preparation for mitosis). In late G2, the protein forms part of the kinetochore, a disc-shaped protein complex that allows the centromere of two sister chromatids to attach to microtubules (forming the spindle apparatus) in order for the microtubules to pull them apart in the process of dividing the cell. It remains part of the kinetochore through early anaphase (the chromosome-dividing phase). In late anaphase, CENPF localises to the spindle midzone, and in telophase (the cell-dividing phase) it localises to the intercellular bridge. It is thought to be subsequently degraded. Mutations in CENPF lead to impaired cell division during early development. Mitosis has been found to take longer when the gene is mutated.[8][9]
Microtubules are protein structures that are part of the cytoskeleton and are necessary for cells to have diverse, complex shapes and migratory ability. They are made by the centrosome, which contains a pair of cylindrical centrioles at right-angles to each other. Before division, CENPF localises at the end of one of the centrioles (the mother centriole) in order to orient microtubules correctly to form thin cellular projections called cilia. Most cilia are primary cilia, which are involved in cell signalling to trigger migration, division or differentiation. Mutations in CENPF disrupt this ability to form cilia; cilia have been found to be fewer in number and shorter when the gene is mutated.[8][10]
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Rattner JB, Rao A, Fritzler MJ, Valencia DW, Yen TJ (Mar 1994). "CENP-F is a .ca 400 kDa kinetochore protein that exhibits a cell-cycle dependent localization". Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 26 (3): 214–26. doi:10.1002/cm.970260305. PMID7904902.
^Testa JR, Zhou JY, Bell DW, Yen TJ (Mar 1995). "Chromosomal localization of the genes encoding the kinetochore proteins CENPE and CENPF to human chromosomes 4q24→q25 and 1q32→q41, respectively, by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Genomics. 23 (3): 691–3. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1558. PMID7851898.
Li Q, Ke Y, Kapp JA, et al. (1995). "A novel cell-cycle-dependent 350-kDa nuclear protein: C-terminal domain sufficient for nuclear localization". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 212 (1): 220–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1959. PMID7612011.
Erlanson M, Casiano CA, Tan EM, et al. (1999). "Immunohistochemical analysis of the proliferation associated nuclear antigen CENP-F in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma". Mod. Pathol. 12 (1): 69–74. PMID9950165.
Kobayashi M, Hanai R (2001). "M phase-specific association of human topoisomerase IIIbeta with chromosomes". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287 (1): 282–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5580. PMID11549288.
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